• GENERATOR

PROTECTION
By Rupesh
Kumar

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INTRODUCTION

1. Generator is an electrical machine, which is having a complex protection system because it

is dynamic machine.
2. Any electrical equipment is subjected to following points when it is in running condition –
 Electrical stress imposed on the insulation of the machine,
 Mechanical forces acting on the various parts of the machine,
 Temperature rise & other losses.
These are the main factors which make protection necessary for the generator or any other
equipment.
3. A generator can be subjected to either an internal fault or external fault or both because the
generators are normally connected to an electrical power system, hence any fault occurred in
the power system should also be cleared from the generator as soon as possible otherwise it
may create permanent damage in the generator.
4. It is to be noted that a protective relay cannot prevent the appearance of faults; it comes
into action only after the occurrence of fault.
5. Protective relays and relaying systems detect the faults in electrical circuits and operate
switchgears to isolate faulty equipment from the rest of the system as fast as possible. This
limits the extent of damage at the fault location and prevents the effects of fault spreading
into the system. Public
TYPES OF FAULT IN GENERATOR

Generator faults are usually classified into three types of fault

1. Stator Faults
2. Rotor Faults
3. Abnormal running conditions

1. Stator Faults 2. Rotor Faults 3. Abnormal running conditions

• Windings phase-to-phase fault • Earth fault • Loss of Field / Excitation
• Windings phase-to-earth fault • Winding short-circuit • Generator Pole Slip
• Inter-turn fault • Overheating • Motoring Operation
• Windings overheating • External short-circuit fault.
• Overloading
• Over speed
• Phase unbalance and negative
phase sequence
• Under and over frequency
• Under and over voltages

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BASIC GENERATOR DATA FOR PROTECTION

RATED OUTPUT 705.9 MVA, 600 MW

RATED VOLTAGE 21 kV

RATED CURRENT 19407 A

RATED FREQUENCY 50 Hz

RATED POWER FACTOR 0.85 LAG

DIRECT AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT REACTANCE 17.8%

(SATURATED) Xd”
DIRECT AXIS TRANSIENT REACTANCE 24.5%
(SATURATED) Xd’
DIRECT AXIS SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE 174.1%
(SATURATED) Xd
TOLERANCE ON REACTANCE + 15%

MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS NEGATIVE PHASE 8%

SEQUENCE CURRENT (I2)
MAXIMUM VALUE OF I22t 8 PU

CT Ratio 22000/5 A

PT Ratio 21000 /√3/110/ √3 V

NGT Ratio 21000/220 V

NGT CT Ratio 1000/5 A

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BASIC INFORMATIONS OF CT, PT & RELAY

Current Transformer (PT) :

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is mainly designed to reduce the high currents to a
lower value for measurement and protection purposes.

Potential Transformer (PT) :

A potential transformer (PT), also known as voltage transformer (VT), is another type of instrument
transformer which is designed to reduce the high voltage of a power line to a lower voltage for
measurement and protection applications.

Relay:

A device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the Circuit breaker to isolate the defective
element from the rest of the system. The relays detect the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by
constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal and faulty conditions.

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GENERATOR CT/PT ARRANGEMENT

22000/5A; 0.2 (MTR)

22000/5A; PS ( GR-
22000/5A; PS (GR-

22000/5A; PS (GR-

22000/5A; PS (GR-

22000/5A; 0.2 (TDR

22000/5A; PS (87
22000/5A; 0.2
UT#A

(DAVR)

OA)
PL)
2)

1)

2)

1)
GT G

CT-8,7,6,5 CT-4,3,2,1
Y
R-VT-1,2,3:
Y Y 21kV/√3//110V/√3//110V/√3//110V/3
UT#B CL: VT-1-2: 0.5 / 3P , VT3:0.2

Y R=0.194Ω
Y-VT-1,2,3: 21kV/220V;
Y 21kV/√3//110V/√3//110V/√3//110V/3 50kVA
CL: VT-1-2: 0.5 / 3P , VT3:0.2
Y CT-9-
Y 1000/5A
B-VT-1,2,3:
Y 21kV/√3//110V/√3//110V/√3//110V/3
CL: VT-1-2: 0.5 / 3P , VT3:0.2

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CLASSIFICATION OF PROTRCTION/TRIPPING

Class – A Tripping:

This covers all electrical protections for faults within the generating unit in which generator field breaker,
generator breaker and turbine should be tripped.

Class – B Tripping:
This covers all mechanical protections of the turbine in which turbine will be tripped first and following this
generator will trip on reverse power / low forward power protections.

Class – C Tripping:

This covers electrical protection for faults in the system in which generator will be unloaded by tripping of
generator breaker only where the islanding scheme has configured & the unit will come to house load
operation and the UT will be in service.

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GENERATOR PROTECTIONS AT DBPL

CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C

17. Gen. Over Freq ( 81
1. Generator Backup Impedance (21G) 18. Negative Phase Sequence (46 G1/G2)
OF1/OF2)
2. Gen U/V (27 G1/G2) 19. Gen. Under Freq ( 81 UF1/UF2)
3. Gen Rev Power (32 G1/G2)
4. Gen Low Forward Power (37 G1/G2)
5. Gen Field Failure (40 G1/G2)
6. Dead Machine (50GDM1/GDM2)
7. Stator overcurrent (51 G1/G2)
8. Gen Over Voltage (59 G1/G2)
9. Stator E/F 95% (64 G1)
10. Stator E/F 100% (64 G2), Low Freq
Injection.
11. Stator E/F 100% (64 G3), 3rd Harmo.
12. Gen Rotor E/F ( 64 F1/F2)
13. Gen Pole Slip (78 G1/G2)
14. Gen Differential (87 G1/G2))
15. Gen & GT over fluxing (99 GT1/GT2)
16. Gen Interturn Fault ( 64 GIT)

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GENERATOR PROTECTION RELAYS AT DBPL

GR-1 MICOM P345 GR-2 MICOM P345 MICOM P127

Generator Backup Impedance (21G) Generator Backup Impedance (21G) Gen Interturn Fault ( 64 GIT2)
Gen U/V (27 G1/G2) Gen U/V (27 G1/G2)
Negative Phase Sequence (46 Negative Phase Sequence (46 G1/G2)
G1/G2)
Gen Rev Power (32 G1/G2) Gen Rev Power (32 G1/G2)
Gen Low Forward Power (37 G1/G2) Gen Low Forward Power (37 G1/G2)
Gen Field Failure (40 G1/G2) Gen Field Failure (40 G1/G2)
Dead Machine (50GDM1/GDM2) Dead Machine (50GDM1/GDM2)
Stator overcurrent (51 G1/G2) Stator overcurrent (51 G1/G2)
Gen Over Voltage (59 G1/G2) Gen Over Voltage (59 G1/G2)
Stator E/F 95% (64 G1) Stator E/F 95% (64 G1)
Stator E/F 100% (64 G3), 3 rd Harmo. Stator E/F 100% (64 G2), Low Freq Injection.
Gen Rotor E/F ( 64 F1/F2) Gen Rotor E/F ( 64 F1/F2)
Gen Pole Slip (78 G1/G2) Gen Pole Slip (78 G1/G2)
Gen Differential (87 G1/G2)) Gen Differential (87 G1/G2))
Gen & GT over fluxing (99 GT1/GT2) Gen & GT over fluxing (99 GT1/GT2)
Gen Interturn Fault ( 64 GIT1) Gen. Over Freq ( 81 OF1/OF2)
Gen. Over Freq ( 81 OF1/OF2) Gen. Under Freq ( 81 UF1/UF2)
Gen. Under Freq ( 81 UF1/UF2)

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1. STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

• Stator Earth Fault Protection is one of the major protections providing for generators. Caused by insulation
failure.
• Leads to burning of machine core, welding of laminations & repairing work is very expensive.
• The stator earth fault protection selection & design depends upon the type of its neutral earthing.

Generator Earthing Methods:

1. Low Impedance Earthing.
2. High Impedance Earthing.

1. Low Impedance Earthing:

• Low impedance Earthing consists of a low-value grounding resistance connected between generator
neutral terminal and ground.
• The lower resistance provides better grounding source but at the same time, lower value of resistance
causes more damage to the generator windings on internal ground faults.

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1. STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

2. High Impedance Earthing:

• It is a common practice to ground the generator neutral through a Grounding Transformer called Neutral
Grounding Transformer NGT having a loading resistor across its secondary.
• This method of Earthing is called High Impedance earthing where the Earth fault current is limited to 5-10
Amps. The earthing impedance is generally chosen to limit earth fault current to full load current or less.
• Due to this high impedance earthing there is a limit on the percentage of winding that can be protected by
a stator earth fault . For earth faults close to the generator neutral, the driving voltage will be low, and
hence the value of fault current will be severely reduced.
• In high impedance earthing stator E/F protection approximately 95% of the stator winding can be
protected. For faults in the last 5% of the winding, the earth fault current is so low that it cannot be
detected by this type of earth fault protection.
• Hence for rest of 5% winding separate protection has been provided.
STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
1. 95% Stator Protection:
• Neutral Overvoltage Scheme
• Overcurrent Scheme
2. 100% Stator Protection:
• 3rd Harmonic Under-Voltage Scheme
• Neutral Injection Scheme

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STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION ( 95% 64 G1)

• During earth the fault current If in alternator winding flow through a part of generator winding and
neutral to ground circuit. If the fault If occurs at point f in generator winding, the voltage Vaf is available
to drive the earth fault current If through neutral to grounding connection. If the fault location is nearer to
point “a” then the forcing voltage Vaf will be relatively less, hence the earth fault current If will reduced
and it will not goes beyond the tripping value.
• And if the fault is away from the point “a” so the voltage Vaf will have the sufficient potential to drive
the fault current through the NGT and the relay will sense the 95% stator earth fault protection.

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STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION ( 95% 64 G1)

NEUTRAL OVER VOLTAGE/OVER CURRENT SCHEME

The most widely used protective scheme in high impedance grounding system is a time delayed over
voltage (59N) connected across the NGR to sense the zero sequence voltage. The relay used for this
protection are designed to sensitive to fundamental frequency voltage and insensitive to 3 rd harmonic
voltage or other zero sequence harmonics voltages present at generator neutral.

RELAY SETTING:

Recommended setting:
Voltage setting : 5V
Time setting : 0.2 Sec

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STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION ( 100% 64 G2)
100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (3RD HARMONICS METHOD)
• Third harmonic voltage components are present at the terminals of nearly machine , they arise and
vary due to different in design and manufactures. And this voltage is used by the relay to detect ground
fault near to neutral.
• The figure shows the third harmonics voltages
present at the neutral and terminals of a generator
during different conditions :
(a) Under normal operation
(b) for a fault at neutral end
(c) for a fault at generator terminal side

• Under normal operating conditions the distribution

of the third harmonic voltage along the stator
windings corresponds to Figure. The maxima occur
at the star point N and the terminal T. The values
increase with generator load & vice versa.
• For a fault near to neutral, the level of third
harmonic voltage at the neutral would decrease and
the level at generator terminal would increase. The
amount of decrease or increase depends on the
operating condition and location of fault.

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STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION ( 100% 64 G2)
100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (3RD HARMONICS METHOD)

• The third harmonics neutral under voltage element is applicable when the neutral voltage measurement
is available at the neutral end of the generator.
• It is supervised by a three-phase under voltage element, which inhibits the protection when all the
phase-phase voltages at the generator terminal are below the threshold, to prevent operation when the
machine is dead, interlocking may also be required to prevent false operation during certain conditions.
• For example, some machines do not produce substantial third harmonic voltage until they are loaded. In
this case, the power supervision elements (active, reactive and apparent power) could be used to detect
load to prevent false tripping under no load conditions.
• In general, third harmonic under voltage protection alone can provide coverage for faults on 30% of the
generator winding.

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STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION ( 100% 64 G2)
100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (3RD
HARMONICS METHOD)
• At DBPL, we have adopted the third harmonics
under voltage scheme.
• The 3rd harmonic under voltage element operates
from the same input as the neutral voltage
displacement protection (VN1 input for P343/4/5/6)
and must be supplied from a VT connected in the
generator earth connection as shown in Figure .

• RELAY SETTING :

Group 1 Recommende
Settings Settings d
Actual Setting

Vn 3rd Harm
Enable Enable
Vn3H<
100% St EF Vn3H< 1 V 1V

Vn3H< Delay 3 sec 3 sec

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STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION ( 100% 64 G3)

100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (LOW FREQUENCY INJECTION METHOD)

• The 100% stator earth fault protection using a low frequency injection technique detects earth faults in
the entire winding, including the generator neutral point.

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STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION ( 100% 64 G3)

100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (LOW FREQUENCY INJECTION METHOD)

• The low frequency injection technique can be used to provide protection for 100% of the stator winding
compared to only 20-30% of the winding using the 3rd harmonic technique.
• The low frequency injection technique provides protection when the machine is stopped and running
and also when the machine is running up and down. The 3rd harmonic technique has to be blocked or
is not operational when the machine is stopped and when the machine is running up and down.
• Under normal healthy conditions only a very small current flows via the stator earth capacitance due to
the high impedance of this path at low frequencies. In the event of an earth fault the measured current
increases due to the smaller impedance of the earth fault path. From the injected voltage and the fault
current the relay can determine the fault resistance.
100% GENERATOR STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64 G2/G4) REALY SETTING:

NGT Ratio: NGT primary:21 KV

NGT secondary: 220 KV
NGT CT: CT primary: 1000 A
CT secondary: 1 A

RESISTANCE FACTOR, 64 R FACTOR:= (NGT ratio)^2 x TRVD/ ICT ratio

= (21000/sqrt3/220)^2 x 2.5 x (1/1000)
=7.59
Value for the Alarm Stage = 5000/7.59 = 659 Ohm, 10 sec

Value for the Trip Stage =2000/7.59= 263.5 Ohm, 1 Sec

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2. GENERATOR INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION (64GIT)

• The turn-to-turn fault, also known as inter-turn fault, is one of the most important protection in generators.
• The turn-to-turn fault is a short circuit between some turns of the same phase of a stator winding.
• The fault occurs due to insulation degradation and ageing.
• The rotating magnetic field induces a circulating current in the shorted turns loop and produces excessive
heat, causing important damage in the machines.

STATOR WINDING:
• The three-phase stator winding is a fractional-pitch two layer type consisting of individual bars. Each
stator slot accommodates two bars.

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2. GENERATOR INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION (64GIT)

Inter-turn fault protection methods:

The following two methods are most common method which are widely used for stator winding inter-turn fault
protection.
1. Inter-turn protection by Residual over voltage displacement protection function.
2. Inter-turn protection by zero sequence voltage measurement.

1. Inter-turn protection by Residual over voltage displacement protection function.

The relay derives the neutral/residual voltage operating quantity from the following equation

Vneutral = Va + Vb + Vc

A dedicated voltage input VN1/2 inputs are available in the P344/5 relay for protection function. This is used
to measure the residual voltage supplied from either an open delta connected VT or the voltage measured
on the secondary side of a distribution transformer earth connection, as shown in Figure.

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2. GENERATOR INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION (64GIT)

NGT SECONDARY
SPVT-VT-2

IVT AT GRP- 110/73.3V

In the above scheme – the open delta voltage will appear in case of inter turn fault only. And it the voltage
goes beyond the setting then the tripping shall be

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2. GENERATOR INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION (64GIT)

RELAY SETTING:
VT Details: VT primary: 21/√3 kV
VT secondary: 110/√3 V
IVT Details: IVT primary: 110/√3 kV
IVT secondary: 73.3/ /√3 V

In case of single turn inter turn fault, unbalance produced in faulty phase leads to a voltage 0.8678 p.u. in
the faulty phase, with other two phase voltages being normal.

Voltage across open delta secondary (VOD) = (VR + VY + VB) N, where, N is transformation ratio of IVT
VOD = N [V(0.8678) + VCos 120° + jVSin 120° + VCos 240° + jVSin240°]
As VR = 0.8678 V
And VY = VB = V
Therefore, VOD = NV [0.8678) -0.5+ j0.866-0.5 + j0.866]
= NV[ 0.8678-1]
VOD = 0.1322 x V x N
IVT Ratio = I/N= 1/(100/73.3) = 0.666
V =110/√3
VOD = 0.1322 x 110/√3 x 0.666
= 5.6 V

Recommended setting: Voltage setting : 6 V, Time setting : 0.2 Sec

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2. GENERATOR INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION (64GIT)

2. Inter-turn protection by Residual over voltage displacement protection function.

• Inter-turn faults in a generator with a single winding can be detected by observing the zero sequence
voltage across the machine.
• Normally, no zero sequence voltage should exist but a short circuit of one or more turns on one phase
will cause the generated emf to contain some zero sequence component.
• External earth faults will also produce a zero sequence voltage on a directly connected generator. Most
of the voltage will be dropped across the earthing resistor, the drop on the generator being small and the
zero sequence component being limited to one or two percent.
• It is preferable, therefore, to measure the voltage drop across the winding, rather than the zero sequence
voltage to earth at the line terminals. This can be done using a voltage transformer connected to the line
side of the generator, with the neutral point of the primary winding connected to the generator neutral,
above the earthing resistor or earthing transformer. This arrangement is shown in Figure.
• The zero sequence voltage can be measured directly from the voltage transformer broken delta winding
connected to the neutral voltage input in relay.
• To prevent the neutral voltage (zero sequence) element used for interturn protection from maloperation
for an external phase-phase or earth fault, the element can be interlocked with a NPS apparent power
element (S2 = I2 x V2, non-directional) and a directional NPS overcurrent element looking away from the
machine. The trip signal is issued only if all of the elements, VNx>, S2> and I2> operate.

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2. GENERATOR INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION (64GIT)

Interturn protection interlocking PSL logic

Interturn protection by zero sequence voltage

measurement

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3. GENERATOR OUT OF STEP (POLE SLIPPING) PROTECTION
(78 G1/G2)

• Synchronous machine pole-slipping occurs when there is insufficient electromagnetic torque to hold the

rotor in synchronism with the stator magnetic flux.

• Pole-slipping typically occurs under severe fault conditions that cause a transient torque on the

generator shaft.

• This transient torque exceeds the ability of the rotor magnetic field to keep the rotor synchronized with

the stator-rotating magnetic field.

• It can cause severe mechanical stresses within the rotor experiences a sudden physical and electrical

shift in position relative to the stator, putting winding at risk, causing shaft damage etc.

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3. GENERATOR OUT OF STEP (POLE SLIPPING) PROTECTION
(78 G1/G2)

• We know that Synchronous Speed (Ns)= 120f/P, where- f- fundamental freq., P- no. of rotor pole
• Therefore, Ns = 120x50/2 = 3000 rpm, i.e to reach synchronous speed the generator rotor has to rotate
at 3000 rpm speed.

• We know that the Power Equation of Generator (Pe) = , where E= Generator Voltage, V= Grid Voltage &
δ = Angle between rotor magnetic field & stator magnetic field, Z- System Impedance.
• Here, Z = Za + Zb + Zc, Where Za = Generator Impedance, Zb = GT Impedance, Zc = Line impedance.

GT Line-1

G Line-2
Grid
Line-3
Zb
Zc
Za

• Here, equivalent Zc =

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3. GENERATOR OUT OF STEP (POLE SLIPPING) PROTECTION
(78 G1/G2)
• As we discussed, (delta) has two meaning,
1- It is the angle between generator & grid voltage.
2- As the rotor is revolving at synchronous speed Ns and there is a revolving magnetic field in the air gap
of rotor & stator it also rotating at synchronous speed Ns. The angle is formed between these two it is
also called as (delta).
• In healthy condition, the delta angle will remain constant, but in case of disturbance the delta angle will
start changing & the rotor will start accelerating or de-accelerating.
• As per the equation, the power is inversely proportional to the impedance, so if the Z- increases the
power output will decrease. In case of any line tripping the equivalent impedance of line will increase so
the power output of generator will tend to decrease but governing system & DAVR will push the generator
to reach the rated power output.
• If the system is stable then the acceleration and de-acceleration of rotor will become stable and
generator will run at different load angle. But if the fault is heavy and multiple lines got tripped then the
the acceleration and de-acceleration of rotor speed continuous and this can cause the power swing.
• If we will plot the power equation (Pe) = with respect to delta angle we will get sinusoidal waveform.

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3. GENERATOR OUT OF STEP (POLE SLIPPING) PROTECTION
(78 G1/G2)
Power
All lines are in Service
(Pe) =
One line trip Pe= Electrical Power
Pm= Mechanical Power
Pm= Pe a b d Two lines trip
c f e
g
h

δ 1 δ2 δ3 180 360
Motoring Mode

• Above line abfed Pe>Pm & below this Pe<Pm.

• In one line trip case area acb shall be the acceleration (A1) zone & area bd shall be the de- acceleration (A2) zone,
if A2>A1 the machine will become stable.
• But if A2<A1, as shown it two line trip condition- acceleration zone cfh is greater than de-acceleration zone fe. In this
case the rotor will not de-accelerate and it go beyond the point e, beyond this the electrical power became less than
the mechanical power.
• The excess mechanical power will try to over speed the generator rotor and further the load angle goes on increasing
and the generator will enter in motoring mode.
• It will be very critical condition because the turbine is running condition & generator will act as motor , so the heavy
power swings can occur.

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3. GENERATOR OUT OF STEP (POLE SLIPPING) PROTECTION
(78 G1/G2)
• If the mechanical power is not reduced during the period of the fault, the generator rotor will accelerate
with a net surplus of torque input. This mismatching of torques causes large separation of generator
rotor angles, large swings of power flows, large fluctuations of voltages and currents, and eventually
lead to a loss of synchronism.

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3. GENERATOR OUT OF STEP (POLE SLIPPING) PROTECTION
(78 G1/G2)
RELAY SETTING:

CT RATIO : 22000/5 A
VT RATIO : (21000/ √3)/(110/ √3) V
TRANSFORMER RATIO : 420/ 21kV
FAULT LEVEL AT GRID : 40 kA FOR 1 SECOND
BASE POWER OF GENERATOR : 705.9 MVA
BASE VOLTAGE : 21 kV
SYSTEM IMPEDENCE ANGLE : 80 DEG. (assumed)

• Base impedance of the generator: = (kV)^2/MVA Ohm = (21)^2/705.9 = 0.6247 Ω

• Base impedance of the generator
referred to CT & VT secondary = 0.6247 x (22000/5) x (110/ √3 /21/ √3 x 1000)= 14.39 Ω
• Max Transient reactance of the generator (Xd’) = 24.5x1.15 %= 24.5 x 14.39/100 x 1.15 = 4.06 Ω
• Maximum GT impedance (ZT) = 1.1 x 0.145 x 0.1439 x 705.9/750 = 2.2 Ω
• Grid Rated Voltage = 420 KV
• Fault MVA of the grid = 50 KA
• Therefore, System impedance (Zs) = (21)^2/(√3 x 420 x 50) = 0.015 Ω

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3. GENERATOR OUT OF STEP (POLE SLIPPING) PROTECTION
(78 G1/G2)
RELAY SETTING:

• P Slip Za Forward: =ZT + Zs = (2.2 + 0.015) x 5/In Ω = 12/In

• P Slip Zb Reverse: = 2 x Xd‘ = 2 * 4.06 X 5/In Ω = 41/In
• P Slip Zc = 0.90 x ZT 90% of GT Reactance = 0.9 x 2.2 x 5/In Ω = 10/In

• PSLIP TIMER T1 = 0.015 SECOND

• PSLIP TIMER T2 = 0.015 SECOND
• LENS ANGLE, a = 90
• BLINDER ANGLE, θ = 80

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4. GENERATOR DEAD MACHINE PROTECTION (50GDM1/GDM2)

• Accidental energization of a generator when the machine is not running can cause severe damage to the
machine. If the breaker is closed, when the machine is at standstill the generator will begin to act as an
induction motor.
• The surface of the rotor core and the rotor winding slot wedges acting as the rotor current conductors.
This abnormal current in the rotor can cause arcing between the components like slot wedge to core
leading to rapid overheating and damage.
• Generally, the time to damage the generator stator from the high in-rush currents received during
energizing at standstill is in the order of a few seconds.
• When the generator is at standstill, the oil pump remains off and does not supply oil to sleeve bearings. If
the generator accidentally operates in motoring mode the bearing may damage because of a lack of oil
pressure in the sleeve bearings.

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4. GENERATOR DEAD MACHINE PROTECTION (50GDM1/GDM2)

RELAY SETTING:
• To provide fast protection for this condition, the P343/4/5 relay provides an instantaneous overcurrent
element that is gated with a three-phase undervoltage detector.
• The element is enabled when the machine is not running, i.e. not generating any voltage, or when the
breaker is open The element is enabled when the machine is not running, i.e. not generating any voltage,
or when the breaker is open. Therefore the element can have a low current setting, resulting in high
speed operation when required. For the element to operate correctly the relay voltage input must be
from a machine side VT; busbar VTs cannot be used.

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4. GENERATOR DEAD MACHINE PROTECTION (50GDM1/GDM2)

RELAY SETTING:
VT Details: VT primary: 21/√3 kV
VT secondary: 110/√3 V
CT Details: CT primary : 22000 A
CT secondary : 5 A

Generator rated current : = 19407 A

Corresponding CT secondary current (Is) = 19407 x (5/22000) =4.41 A
Relay current setting: = 10 % of generator rated current

• Relay is set at 10% of generator rated current as the element will not be enabled during normal operation
of machine.
• Relay voltage setting 70 % of VT secondary voltage.

Therefore, Recommended setting is

I> 0.088In A
V< 77 V
Time 1 Sec

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5. GENERATOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION (46 G1/G2)

• When a generator is connected to a balanced load the phase currents are equal in magnitude and are
120 degrees from each other. The flux produced by the stator currents rotate synchronously with the rotor
and eddy currents are not induced in the rotor parts.
• Unbalanced currents give rise to a negative sequence component in the stator current. The negative
sequence current produces an additional flux which rotates at synchronously speed in the opposite
direction of the rotor. The eddy currents which are induced in the rotor parts will have the double network
frequency.
• A cylindrical rotor is constructed from a solid-steel forging with slots cut along its length. At the ends of
the rotor body, the retaining rings hold the ends of the field windings in place against centrifugal force.
The rings & wedges are designed for mechanical strength, but the induced 100 Hz currents flow in loops
along the body of a cylindrical rotor, as shown in Figure . There are as many current loops in the rotor as
there are stator poles.
• When alternating current passes through a conductor, in this case the rotor body, current densities are
not uniform.

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5. GENERATOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION (46 G1/G2)

• In a cylindrical rotor, the 100 Hz induced current occupies a cross-section of rotor, The resulting high
current density significantly increases rotor resistance for 100 Hz current over that for DC field current .
• Higher resistance produces higher losses and more heat per amp for the 100 Hz current than for lower
frequency current or DC current.
• The induced currents produce maximum heating at the ends of the rotor body. Overheating will lead to
the failure of slot wedges, winding & retaining ring if proper protection not provided.

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5. GENERATOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION (46 G1/G2)

RELAY SETTING:
CT Details: 22000/ 5 A
Generator rated current: 19407 A
Max. NPS (I2) current 8 % (Provided in data sheet)
Maximum value of I2sq t 8

Alarm stage setting: 65 % of Gen. max. negative phase sequence current

Time setting: 2 Sec
Trip Setting: 100% of Gen. max. negative phase sequence current
Time setting: 15 Sec

I2therm>1 Set: = 0.65 x (8/100) x (19407/22000) In A

= 0.0458 In ≈ 0.05 In

Trip stage setting: =100 % of Gen. max. negative phase sequence current
I2therm>2 Set: = (8/100) x (19407/22000) In A
= 0.07 In
I2therm>2 k: = 8 x (19407/22000)^2 In
= 6.225

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6. GENERATOR FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40 G1/G2)

• Complete loss of excitation may arise as a result of accidental tripping of the excitation system, an open
circuit or short circuit occurring in the excitation DC circuit, flashover of any slip rings or failure of the
excitation power source.
• When the excitation of a synchronous generator fails, its internal e.m.f. will decay. This results in the
active power output of the machine falling and in an increasing level of reactive power being drawn from
the power system.
• As the active power output falls, the mechanical drive can accelerate the machine so that it will gently
pole slip and run at a super synchronous speed. This results in slip frequency currents being induced in
the rotor body, damper windings and in the field windings. The slip-induced, low frequency rotor currents
will result in a rotor flux being produced.
• When the generator losses its field it operates as an induction generator causing rotor surface
temperature to increase due to slip introduce eddy current in the field winding, rotor body, wedges &
retaining rings.
• The high reactive power drawn from the grid can overload the stator winding causing the stator
temperature to increase.
• The machine damage time due to loss of field can vary from 10 sec to several minutes, which depends
upon the type of machine & excitation.

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6. GENERATOR FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40 G1/G2)

RELAY SETTING:

• The distance relay is a kind of relay that measures the circuit impedance compared with the pre-defined
value to determine whether the fault occurs or not .The distance relay will operate, when the measured
impedance falls into the relay operation zone. Mho relay is the most common type of distance relay and
the characteristic of mho relay is shown in the figure below:

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6. GENERATOR FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40 G1/G2)

RELAY SETTING:

• The distance relay used in R-X scheme is offset-mho relay which has an offset along the –X axis, as the
endpoint of generator LOE characteristic stays around the –X axis. The offset-mho relay characteristic is
shown in the figure below:

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6. GENERATOR FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40 G1/G2)

RELAY SETTING:

• The generator terminal impedance is calculated as:

where U is positive sequence voltage and I is positive sequence current.

• In normal operation condition, the generator generates active and reactive power to the system which
means both R and X are positive in Equation and the terminal impedance is located in the first quadrant
in R-X plane.
• When the excitation is lost, the generator starts to draws reactive power from the system and X becomes
negative from the LOE relay point of view. As a result, the terminal impedance loci in R-X plane moves to
the forth quadrant and the endpoint of terminal impedance ranges between the sub transient reactance
and synchronous d axis reactance.

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6. GENERATOR FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40 G1/G2)

RELAY SETTING:

• When the measured impedance falls

into the operating region, the relay Synchronous
Generator
function will be picked up and after a
certain time delay, a trip signal will be
sent to the generator main breaker.

Induction
Generator

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6. GENERATOR FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40 G1/G2)

RELAY SETTING:

CT RATIO : 22000/5 A
VT RATIO : (21000/v3)/(110/v3) V
• BASE IMPEDANCE OF THE GENERATOR Ω
Ω
= 0.6247 Ω
• BASE IMPEDANCE OF THE GENERATOR
REFERRED TO CT & VT SECONDARY X 0.6247 Ω = 14.31 Ω

• TRANSIENT REACTANCE OF THE

GENERATOR (SATURATED) (Xd’) = 24.5% X 14.31 Ω= 3.525 Ω

• SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE OF THE

GENERATOR (SATURATED) (Xd) = 174.1% X 14.31 Ω= 25.05 Ω

• OFFSET SETTING = 0.5 Xd’ Ω = 1.76 Ω

• CIRCLE DIAMETER SETTING = Xd Ω = 25.05 Ω

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6. GENERATOR FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40 G1/G2)

RELAY SETTING:
RECOMMENDED SETTING=

• STAGE-1 FOR TIME DELAYED TRIPPING

FAIL1 –Xa1 (0.5 Xd’) = 1.76 Ω = 8.8/In Ω (In= 5A)
FFAIL1 Xb1 (Xd) = 25.05 Ω = 126/In Ω
FFAIL1 TIME DELAY = 2 SECOND

• STAGE-2 FOR INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING ALONG WITH UNDER VOLTAGE

FFAIL2 –Xa2 (0.5 Xd’) = 8.8/In Ω
FFAIL2 Xb2 (Xd) = 126/In Ω
FFAIL2 TIME DELAY = 0 SECOND

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7. GENERATOR ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64 F1/F2)

• Rotor earth fault protection is used to detect earth faults in the excitation circuit of synchronous

machines.

• The field circuit of a synchronous generator, comprising the winding, the exciter and the field circuit

breaker, is a DC circuit which is not normally earthed. If an earth fault occurs, no steady state fault

current will flow and no damage will be incurred.

• If a second earth fault occurs at a separate point in the field system, this constitutes a winding short-

circuit of the excitation circuit where part of the field winding is by-passed, and the current through the

remaining portion may be increased.

• The field current from a large machine can be high causing serious damage to the rotor and the exciter.

If a large part of the field winding is short-circuited, the flux may result in an attracting force which is

strong on one pole and weak on the opposite one. The result is an unbalanced force causing violent

vibrations. This may damage the bearings or even displace the rotor which in turn may damage the

stator.
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7. GENERATOR ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64 F1/F2)

TO RELAY

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7. GENERATOR ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64 F1/F2)

• The relay calculates the fault resistance, R, based on the known configuration of the injection voltage,
the coupling resistors, the measuring resistor, plus other resistance values in the measuring circuit. And
gives trip command to the relay as per the settings

• Recommended setting:

Alarm stage
Alarm setting: 80 K Ohm, Delay: 10 Sec

Trip stage
Trip setting: 5 K Ohm , Delay: 1 Sec

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8. LOW FORWARD & REVERSE POWER PROTECTION ( 37& 32
G1/G2)
LOW FORWARD PROTECTION-
• For a generator there is always a lower limit on the power that is supplied to the grid. Because below that
power limit the generator will not be able to supply power to the grid and instead of that it will take
reverse power from the grid.
• The reason it takes reverse power from the grid is that below that power limit the steam supply to the
turbine becomes very less and the rotor of the Turbo-generator will not get sufficient power from the
turbine to rotate(To maintain Rotor Inertia).

REVERSE POWER PROTECTION-

A- Mechanical Aspect:
• A synchronous Generator is expected to supply active power to the system in normal operating condition.
• If the turbine i.e. prime mover fails the Generator connected to the system will continue to operate as
synchronous Motor drawing active power from the system. This reversal of power flow due to loss of
prime mover can be detected by reverse power relay.
• The consequences of generator motoring and the level of power drawn from the power system
will be dependent on the type of prime mover as under this condition prime mover acts as a load for
synchronous Motor.
• For steam turbines, the motoring power is around 0.5-3 % of rated power of Generator.
• Under the failure of prime mover, due to motoring of turbine windage loss will be more in turbine blades
as there is no steam to cool it down. Thus it will lead to damage of turbine.
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8. LOW FORWARD & REVERSE POWER PROTECTION ( 37& 32
G1/G2)
B- Electrical Aspect:
• When the current entering into the generator winding from the grid, the generator act as an induction
motor. The generator stars rotating in the direction of the turbine.
• Here the generator takes high input current as to rotate his heavy rotor. Therefore, the rotor current starts
flowing in the rotor coils. But the rotor coils end with the Rotating Rectifier assembly. Due to the diode
property, the diode blocks the reverse current which generated in the rotor. This current is larger than the
diode reverse breaking current. Hence the diode might be damaged.

• RELAY SETTING:
Generator rated power : 600 MW
Power setting: 0.5 % of generator rated power
=(0.5/100) x 600 x 1000000
= 3000000 W = 3 MW

Power setting referred to relay =3000000 x (5/22000) x (110/Sqrt(3)/21/Sqrt(3) x

1000)
= 3.571 W
≈ 5 W = 4.2 MW (Recommended Setting)

Recommended setting: -P>1 Setting: 5.000 W Rev. Power.

P<2 Setting: 5.000 W Low Forward

Time delay: 2 Sec [with turbine trip]

10 Sec [without turbine trip]
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8. LOW FORWARD & REVERSE POWER PROTECTION ( 37& 32
G1/G2)
B- Electrical Aspect:
• When the current entering into the generator winding from the grid, the generator act as an induction
motor. The generator stars rotating in the direction of the turbine.
• Here the generator takes high input current as to rotate his heavy rotor. Therefore, the rotor current starts
flowing in the rotor coils. But the rotor coils end with the Rotating Rectifier assembly. Due to the diode
property, the diode blocks the reverse current which generated in the rotor. This current is larger than the
diode reverse breaking current. Hence the diode might be damaged.

• RELAY SETTING :
Generator rated power : 600 MW
Power setting: 0.5 % of generator rated power
=(0.5/100) x 600 x 1000000
= 3000000 W = 3 MW

Power setting referred to relay =3000000 x (5/22000) x (110/Sqrt(3)/21/Sqrt(3) x

1000)
= 3.571 W
≈ 5 W = 4.2 MW (Recommended Setting)

Recommended setting: -P>1 Setting: 5.000 W Rev. Power.

P<2 Setting: 5.000 W Low Forward

Time delay: 2 Sec [with turbine trip]

10 Sec [without turbine trip]
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9. GENERATOR BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION (21 G1/G2)
)
• It is a common practice to use the differential relay as primary fault protection for the generator.

• Backup fault protection is also highly recommended to protect the generator from the effects of faults that

are not cleared because of failures within the normal protection scheme.

• Under the protection, voltage and current both inputs are given to the relay. By monitoring the voltage

and current inputs, impedance is calculated by the relay. When the impedance value goes below the set

value, it will operate and isolate the system.

Z=V/I, Here, Z= Impedance of the protection zone, V=Input voltage, I= input current

• Based on the system voltage, full load current, and an impedance value of the connected element like

the Transformer, Generator, or Reactor, the impedance setting is decided and set to the relay. The

following key points are to know under backup impedance protection.

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9. GENERATOR BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION (21 G1/G2)
)

1. During an internal fault condition, the current will be increased and the voltage also dropped. Under

this condition, the calculated impedance value is found below the set impedance value in the relay

and the relay will operate under the protection.

2. Voltage input is necessary for backup impedance protection. During the fuse fail condition, the

voltage goes zero to the relay and the relay will operate. To prevent the situation, the fuse failure

block function is used in the relay.

3. Impedance protection is not as sensitive as differential or REF protection in transformer and Reactor.

As a backup of the differential and REF protection, it is used to protect the Generator, Transformer &

Reactor in Power System.

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9. GENERATOR BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION (21 G1/G2)
)

RELAY SETTING : Generator rated current : 19407 A

Overload for load impedance (ZL) = √3 x Vph/(19407 x 1.1) Ohm
Impedance of GT (Zt) = 0.145 PU
Min. Impedance of GT (Zt) = (14.5 X 0.9) % = 0.1305 PU
Min. Impedance of GT (Zt) = 0.1305 x 21 x 21/750 = 0.0767 Ohm
Impedance Zone (Z1) = 70 % of GT Impedance (Zt) = 0.7 x ZT x CT Ratio/ VT Ratio
= 0.7 x 0.0767 x (22000/5) x (110/√3)//21/ √3 x 1000) = 1.24 Ohm
Selected Z1: 6.2/In Ohm, 1 Sec

Impedance Zone (Z2) = 100 % of GT impedance (Zt)

= 1 x Zt x CT Ratio/ VT Ratio
= 1 x 0.0767 x (22000/5) x (110/√3)//21/ √3 x 1000)
= 1.767 Ohm
Selected Z2: 8.84/ In Ohm, 2 Sec

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10. GENERATOR DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION (87 G1/G2)
)
• Circulating current differential protection operates on the principle that current entering and leaving a
zone of protection will be equal.
• Any difference between these currents is indicative of a fault being present in the zone.
• If CTs are connected as shown in Figure it can be seen that current flowing through the zone of
protection will cause current to circulate around the secondary wiring. If the CTs are of the same ratio
then they will produce identical secondary currents and so zero current will flow through the relay.
• If a fault exists within the zone of protection there will be a difference between the output from each CT;
this difference flowing through the relay causing it to operate.

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10. GENERATOR DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION (87 G1/G2)

• Heavy through current, arising from an external fault condition, can cause one CT to saturate more than
the other, resulting in a difference between the secondary current produced by each CT. It is essential to
stabilize the protection for these conditions.
• Two methods are commonly used for these conditions:
1. Biasing technique, where the relay setting is raised as through current increases.
2. High impedance technique, where the relay impedance is such that under maximum through fault
conditions, the current in the differential element is insufficient for the relay to operate.

Biased differential protection :

• In a biased differential relay, the through current is used to increase the setting of the differential
element. For heavy through faults, it is unlikely that the CT outputs at each zone end will be identical,
due to the effects of CT saturation.
• In this case a differential current can be produced. However, the biasing will increase the relay setting,
such that the differential spill current is insufficient to operate the relay.

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10. GENERATOR DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION (87 G1/G2)

• A dual slope percentage bias characteristic is implemented in the P34x. The lower slope provides
sensitivity for internal faults,
• The higher slope provides stability under through fault conditions, during which there may be transient
differential currents due to saturation effect of the generator CT’s.

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10. GENERATOR DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION (87 G1/G2)

RELAY SETTING:

PRIMARY CT RATIO = 22000/5 A

SECONDARY CT RATIO = 22000/5 A

• Pickup setting, Is1 = 0.1 In

• Initial slope, k1 =0%

• Bias pickup setting, Is2 = 1.0 In

• Second slope, k2 = 50%

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11. GENERATOR AND GT OVER FLUXING PROTECTION (99
GT1/GT2)
• Over fluxing of a generator, or transformer connected to the terminals of a generator, can occur if the
ratio of voltage to frequency exceeds certain limits.
• High voltage or low frequency, causing a rise in the V/Hz ratio, will produce high flux densities in the
magnetic core of the machine or transformer. This could cause the core of the generator or
transformer to saturate and stray flux to be induced in un-laminated compone nts that have not been
designed to carry flux.
• The resulting eddy currents in solid components (e.g. core bolts and clamps) and end of core
laminations can cause rapid overheating and damage.
• RELAY SETTING:
• We know the emf equation of generartor or transformer
 E=4.44 ΦfN
Φ=E/4.44f N, here Φ- Induced flux, f- frequency, N- number of turns, Here N- is constant,
therefore, Φ=K* E/f -------(1)
 The flux density (B) in the core of the core is
 B=Φ/A, Where A is the cross section area of the core that is also constant.
therefore, B = K/A*V/f ≈ B ∝ V/f
Thus the flux density in the core is directly proportional to the ratio of V & inversely proportional to freq.

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11. GENERATOR AND GT OVER FLUXING PROTECTION (99
GT1/GT2)
• Generator transformer(GT) & Generator Overfluxing withstand capability is tabulated below (Derived
from Over Fluxing curves obtained from Generator manufacturer and GT manufacturer:

GT Overfluxing Withstand capability Relay Operating Time ( Sec)

Value Time
1.10 Continuous 600
1.25 60 Sec 50
1.40 10 Sec 7

RATED FEQUENCY = 50Hz Recommended setting:

RATED GENERATOR VOLTAGE = 21Kv Alarm stage
VT PRIMARY VOLTAGE = 21000/√3) V Alarm setting: = 1.05 PU
VT SECONDARY VOLTAGE= 110/√3) V = 1.05 x 110/50 V/Hz
= 2.31 V/Hz
Alarm delay = 10 Sec

Trip stage
V/Hz>1 Trip setting‐1 = 1.1 PU = 2.42 V/Hz, 1000 Sec
V/Hz>2 Trip setting-2 = 1.25 PU= 2.75 V/Hz , 54 Sec
V/Hz>3 Trip setting‐3 = 1.4 PU = 3.08 V/Hz , 9 Sec

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12. UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION (81 G1UF/G2UF)

• Under frequency operation of a generator will occur when the power system load exceeds the prime
mover capability of an islanded generator or group of generators.
• An under frequency condition, at nominal voltage, may result in some over fluxing of a generator.
• However, the more critical considerations would be in relation to blade stresses being incurred with
high-speed turbines.
• When not running at nominal frequency, abnormal blade resonance’s can be set up that, if prolonged,
could lead to turbine disc component fracture.

• FIRST STAGE – ALARM

F<1 SETTING : 48.5 Hz = 2910 rpm
F<1 TIME DELAY : 2.5 SECOND

• SECOND STAGE – TRIPPING

F<2 SETTING : 47.5 Hz = 2850 rpm
F<2 TIME DELAY : 2.0 SECOND

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13. OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION (81 G1OF/G2OF)

• Over frequency running of a generator arises when the mechanical power input to the alternator is in
excess of the electrical load and mechanical.
• The most common occurrence of over frequency is after substantial loss of load.
• When a rise in running speed occurs, the governor should quickly respond to reduce the mechanical
input power, so that normal running speed is quickly regained.
• Severe over frequency operation of a high-speed generating set could result in plant damage, as a
result of the high centrifugal forces that would be imposed on rotating components.

• FIRST STAGE – ALARM

F>1 SETTING : 51.5 Hz = 3090 rpm
F>1 TIME DELAY : 2 SECOND

• SECOND STAGE – TRIPPING

F>2 SETTING : 52.2 Hz = 3150 rpm
F>2 TIME DELAY : 2.0 SECOND

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13. UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY (27G1/G2)

• Under voltage protection is not a commonly specified requirement for generator protection schemes.
However, under voltage elements are sometimes used as interlocking elements for other types of
protection, such as field failure.

• VT RATIO : (21000/v3)/(110/v3) V
UNDER VOLTAGE SETTING RECOMMENDED : 70% OF VT SECONDARY VOLTAGE
• VOLTAGE SETTING : 77V , TIME SETTING : 0 SECONDS

14. OVER VOLTAGE RELAY (59 G1/G2)

• A generator terminal over voltage condition could arise when the generator is running but not
connected to a power system or generating power in island mode.
• An over voltage could arise if the fault generates in DAVR system or if the DAVR is set for ma nual
control and an operator error is made.
• Seviour overvoltage causes the winding or electrical insulation failure, over fluxing (u/f), transformer’s
core saturation etc. The over voltage protection can be considered as a backup to the Volts-per-Hertz
protection (Over fluxing).
SETTINGS:
• V>1 Voltage Set = 115.5 V, 2 Seconds = 22.05 KV
• V>2 Voltage set = 143 V, 0 Seconds = 27 KV

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15. GENERATOR OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (51 G1/G2)

It is used as an additional check of the stator winding temperature high protection.

CT Details: CT primary : 22000 A

CT secondary : 5 A
Generator rated current : 19407 A
Corresponding CT secondary current = 19407 x (5/22000)
Is =4.41 A

Current at 95% under voltage = 4.642 A

Generator overload capability:

Current 110 % of rated current
Time duration 180 Seconds

Overload setting: 250 %

Corresponding Secondary current 5.106 A
Recommended setting:
Current Set: 1.1 In
Time Delay: 2 Sec
Action : Alarm

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