Bit Logical
INSTRUCTIONS
Syllabus
Bit Logic Instructions: introduction: Input and Output contact program
symbols.
Numbering system of inputs and outputs, Program format,
Introduction to logic:
1. Equivalent Ladder diagram of AND gate
2. Equivalent ladder diagram of or Gate
3. Equivalents Ladder Diagram of NOT gate.
4. Equivalent ladder diagram of XOR gate
5. Equivalent ladder diagram of NAND gate
6. Equivalent ladder diagram of NOR gate
7. Equivalent ladder diagram to demonstrate De Morgan theorem. Ladder
8. design. Examples: Training Stopping, Multiplexer, DE multiplexers
PLC Programming Basics: Introduction
All programmable logic controllers have one
common feature, i.e. they can receive input signals
and send output signals. which makes them
different from computers.
Input and output bit instructions are addressed with
either actual (physical) digital I/O addresses or internal storage
bit addresses.
These addresses are defined by the PLC
The input signals come from switches or contacts of an industrial
system, indicating that some conditions have changed.
These industrial inputs may include push buttons, start or stop
switches, limit switches and selector switches or contacts of relays.
The outputs are sent out to the real world causing some conditions
to change.
Typical outputs are: indication lamps, motor starters and relays.
Thus, the PLC must have a program in its memory, which is
executed when it receives an input signal and, on the basis of the
program executed, sends an output signal to the system.
Input and Output Contact
Program Symbol
Symbols for a PLC input will look like a normally open or normally closed
contact used in typical electrical diagrams.
The output instruction is OE -( )- ie. Output energise.
This is used in a ladder programme to turn on a bit when circuit
conditions are evaluated as true.
Some PLCs may use a slightly different symbol for an output.
There is a relationship between the real world switches, like the
start buttons and the contacts that show up on the VDU as a PC
program.
One creates this relationship when he connects the real world
switch to the terminal on the input module.
Then uses the module identification number or address to identify
the contact in the program.
Once the contact in the program is given the number or address
of the input module and terminal, it will reflect the ON or OFF state
of the real world switch.
Example:
• Fig. 2.1 shows an example of the push button having one set of
contacts.
• It should be noticed that three sets of contacts are programmed
to be normally open and one set to be normally closed as shown
in Fig. 2.2.
Each Rung is called Program Statement
Numbering Systems of Inputs and Outputs:
The real world Switches contacts: are connected to the input
terminals and contacts are connected to the output terminals of
the PLC.
Input and output terminals are grouped together and
placed in modules.
The generalised identification numbering systems of input and
output terminals of a PLC consists of following parameters.
Input/output-module number-Rack
number-Slot number-word number-
Terminal Number
Program Format
The basic program format for a PLC is very similar to an
electrical ladder diagram.
This format is used because the ladder diagram has been
the working language of electricians for Many years.
It is also used because the computer scans the Program in a
sequential manner.
Devices in a schematic electrical diagram are described as
being open or closed.
PLC ladder instructions are typically referred to as either
true or false.
When a PLC solves the user program It is said to be solving
ladder logic.
Ladder logic programming has some basic rules.
They are:
1. The power will flow from the left hand side bus rail to the right
hand side bus rail.
2. Each rung must start with a contact from the left and end with
an output on the right.
3. Outputs cannot be connected to the left bus rail.
4. Contacts cannot be connected to the right bus rail
5. Only one output may be placed on each rung.
6. Each output can be used once in a program.
7. Input with the same terminal number can be used many times.
PLC Programming Basics
Inputs
Input instructions change state when power is applied to the input
terminal with the corresponding address
It’s common to call the following instruction “True” rather than
“Closed” when power is applied to the terminal its addressed to
PLC Programming Basics
Inputs
It’s also common to call the following instruction “False”
rather than “Open” when power is applied to the input
terminal it’s addressed to
PLC Programming Basics
Outputs
Outputs “energize” when rung conditions preceding
them are “True”
When Input 1 is True, Output 1 is energized
PLC Programming Basics
Set/Reset
A Set instruction remains True even after the rung conditions
that made it True become False
A Set instruction must be accompanied by a Reset instruction
addressed with the same address in order to reset the bit, based
on your logic.
PLC Programming Basics
Set/Reset Example
Input 1 sets Output 1 and Input 2 resets Output 1 (Inputs 1
& 2 must not be True at the same time)
PLC Programming Basics
In 1 Timer 1
Timer 1 Out 1
In 2 Out 2
Ladder is evaluated (scanned)
starting from the top rung, left to
right, followed by the next rung,
and so on, until the bottom is
reached. Then starts again at the
top.
Introduction to Logic
The normally open and normally closed contacts lare used to
solve different logic functions.
To convert a control objective into an equivalent ladder
diagram:
the truth table of the control objective is first determined,
then the equivalent digital logic circuit is developed and
equivalently ladder logic program is drawn.
Equivalent Ladder
diagram of AND gate:
put A AND Input B are True, the Output will energize
Equivalent Ladder
diagram of OR gate:
The Boolean expression is written as: Y=A+B
If Input A OR Input B is true, the Output will energize
PLC Programming Basics
AND/OR Combination Logic
Output X is energized if A AND (B OR C) are True
Equivalent Ladder
Diagram of NOT gate
Equivalent Ladder
Diagram of XOR gate
Equivalent Ladder
Diagram of NAND gate
The output of the NAND gate is zero if both the inputs are 1.
Thus, a NAND gate is equivalent to a parallel combination of two
XIC contacts as shown in Fig. 2.12.
Equivalent Ladder diagram of
NOR gate:
Equivalent Ladder Diagram to
Demonstrate De-Morgans Theorm
Assume inputs are connected to I:0/1 and I:0/2 and output
terminals are connected to O:0/1 and O:0/2
1 st Theorem: Complement of a logical sum is equal to the
logical product of the complements:
2nd Theorm:The complement of a logical product is equal to the
sum of the complements.
In Boolean algebra:
Multiplexer
A multiplexer is shown that will take one of four
inputs bits D1, D2, D3 or D4
Make it the output X, depending upon the values
of the address bits, A1 and A2
1:8 Demultiplexer