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Data Analytics and Descriptive Statistics Guide

The document provides an overview of data analytics, including its definition, types, and methodologies, as well as the distinction between big data and small data. It covers various statistical concepts such as descriptive statistics, univariate and bivariate analysis, and data visualization techniques. Additionally, it includes case studies and historical context for the evolution of data science practices.

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ayesha
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35 views18 pages

Data Analytics and Descriptive Statistics Guide

The document provides an overview of data analytics, including its definition, types, and methodologies, as well as the distinction between big data and small data. It covers various statistical concepts such as descriptive statistics, univariate and bivariate analysis, and data visualization techniques. Additionally, it includes case studies and historical context for the evolution of data science practices.

Uploaded by

ayesha
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data Analytics and Descriptive

Statistics
Detailed Notes with Examples
Introduction to Data Analytics
• Data Analytics: Examining datasets to draw
insights and support decisions.
• Data Science: Combines statistics, computer
science, and domain knowledge.
Big Data and Data Science
• Big Data (5 V’s): Volume, Velocity, Variety,
Veracity, Value.
• Example: Social media data.

• Data Science: Multidisciplinary field extracting


insights.
• Example: Netflix movie recommendations.
Small Data
• Small datasets manageable with traditional
methods.
• Example: Teacher analyzing exam scores of 50
students.
Taxonomy of Data Analytics
• Descriptive: Summarizes past data.
• Diagnostic: Explains why something
happened.
• Predictive: Forecasts future outcomes.
• Prescriptive: Suggests optimal actions.
Case Studies
• Breast Cancer in Wisconsin: Classifying
tumors.
• Polish Company Insolvency Data: Predicting
bankruptcy.
History of Methodologies
• 1960s–80s: Descriptive stats & hypothesis
testing.
• 1990s: Data mining.
• 2000s: Big Data & machine learning.
• Today: AI & deep learning.
Descriptive Statistics
• Summarizes data using measures of central
tendency, dispersion, and distribution shape.
Scale Types
• Nominal: Categories (e.g., Blood type).
• Ordinal: Ordered (e.g., Satisfaction rating).
• Interval: Numeric, no true zero (e.g., Celsius).
• Ratio: Numeric, true zero (e.g., Weight).
Univariate Analysis
• Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode.
• Dispersion: Range, Variance, SD.
• Shape: Skewness, Kurtosis.
• Example: Average salary of employees.
Univariate Frequencies
• Shows how often each value occurs.
• Example: Fruit preferences (Mango 40%,
Apple 30%, etc.).
Univariate Probability Distributions
• Normal: Bell-shaped curve.
• Binomial: Success/failure events.
• Poisson: Event counts in interval.
• Exponential: Time between events.
• Uniform: Equal likelihood outcomes.
Data Visualization
• Graphical representation of data.
• Examples: Histogram, Box Plot, Scatter Plot,
Heatmap.
Descriptive Bivariate Analysis
• Studies relationship between two variables.
Two Quantitative Attributes
• Methods: Scatter plots, correlation,
regression.
• Example: Hours studied vs. exam scores.
Two Qualitative Attributes
• Methods: Cross-tabulation, Chi-square.
• Example: Gender vs. product preference.
At Least One Nominal Attribute
• Methods: Bar charts, stacked bar charts,
ANOVA.
• Example: Income levels across job categories.
Two Ordinal Attributes
• Methods: Spearman’s rank, Kendall’s tau.
• Example: Education level vs. job satisfaction.

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