1

Chapter 1 – Introduction to Computers

and C++ Programming
Outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is a Computer?
1.3 Computer Organization
1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems
1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing
and Client/Server Computing
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
1.7 History of C and C++
1.8 C++ Standard Library
1.9 Java and Java How to Program
1.10 Other High-level Languages
1.11 Structured Programming
1.12 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
1.13 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
1.14 Hardware Trends
1.15 History of the Internet
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 2
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Computers
and C++ Programming
Outline
1.16 History of the World Wide Web
1.17 General Notes About C++ and This Book
1.18 Introduction to C++ Programming
1.19 A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
1.20 Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers
1.21 Memory Concepts
1.22 Arithmetic
1.23 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
1.24 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology
and the Unified Modeling Language

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 3

1.1 Introduction
• In this course you will learn
– C and C++
– Structured programming and object oriented programming

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 4

1.2 What is a Computer?

• Computer
– A device capable of performing computations and making
logical decisions
• Computer programs
– Sets of instructions that control a computer’s processing of
data
• Hardware
– Various devices comprising a computer
• Examples: keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-
ROM, and processing units
• Software
– Programs that run a computer

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 5

1.3 Computer Organization

• Six logical units in every computer:
– Input unit
• Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)
– Output unit
• Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other
devices)
– Memory unit
• Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
– Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
– Central processing unit (CPU)
• Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer
– Secondary storage unit
• Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage, stores inactive
programs

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 6

1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems

• Batch processing
– Do only one job or task at a time
• Operating systems
– Manage transitions between jobs
– Increased throughput
• Amount of work computers process
• Multiprogramming
– Many jobs or tasks sharing a computer’s resources
• Timesharing
– Perform a small portion of one user’s job then moves on to
service the next user

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 1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed 7

Computing, and Client/Server

Computing
• Personal computers
– Economical enough for individual
• Distributed computing
– Organizations computing is distributed over networks
• Client/server computing
– Sharing of information, across computer networks, between
file servers and clients (personal computers)

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 1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly 8

Languages, and High-level

Languages
• Three types of programming languages
– Machine languages
• Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions
• Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
– Assembly languages
• English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer
operations (translated via assemblers)
• Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

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 1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly 9

Languages, and High-level

Languages
– High-level languages
• Similar to everyday English, use mathematical notations
(translated via compilers)
• Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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 10

1.7 History of C and C++

• C++ evolved from C
– C evolved from two other programming languages, BCPL
and B
• ANSI C
– Established worldwide standards for C programming
• C++ “spruces up” C
– Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming
• Objects are reusable software components that model things in
the real world
• Object-oriented programs are easy to understand, correct and
modify

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 11

1.8 C++ Standard Library

• C++ programs
– Built from pieces called classes and functions
• C++ standard library
– Provides rich collections of existing classes and functions for
all programmers to use

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 12

1.9 Java and Java How to Program

• Java used to
– Create web pages with dynamic and interactive content
– Develop large-scale enterprise applications
– Enhance the functionality of web servers
– Provide applications for consumer devices (such as cell
phones, pagers and personal digital assistants)

• Java how to program

– Closely followed the development of Java by sun
– Teaches first-year programming students the essentials of
graphics, images, animation, audio, video, database,
networking, multithreading and collaborative computing

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 13

1.10 Other High-level Languages

• Other high-level languages
– FORTRAN
• Used in scientific and engineering applications
– COBOL
• Used to manipulate large amounts of data
– Pascal
• Used to teach structured programming

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 14

1.11 Structured Programming

• Structured programming
– Disciplined approach to writing programs
– Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify
• Multitasking
– Many activities to run in parallel

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 15
1.12 The Key Software Trend: Object
Technology
• Objects
– Reusable software components that model real world items
– Meaningful software units
• Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice objects,
audio objects, video objects, file objects, record objects, etc.
• Any noun can be represented as an object
– More understandable, better organized and easier to maintain
than procedural programming
– Favor modularity

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 16
1.13 Basics of a Typical C++
Environment
Phases of C++ Programs:
Program is created in
Editor Disk the editor and stored
on disk.

1. Edit Preprocessor Disk

Preprocessor program
processes the code.

Compiler creates

2. Preprocess Compiler Disk object code and stores

it on disk.

Linker links the object

code with the libraries,

3. Compile Linker Disk creates [Link] and

stores it on disk

Primary
Memory
4. Link Loader

Loader puts program

in memory.

5. Load Disk ..
..
..

6. Execute Primary
Memory
CPU CPU takes each
instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
values as the program
.. executes.
..
..

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 17

1.14 Hardware Trends

• Every year or two computers approximately double
– The amount of memory they contain
• Memory used to execute programs
– The amount of secondary storage they contain
• Secondary storage (such as disk storage) is used to to hold
programs and data over time
– Their processor speeds
• The speed at which computers execute their programs

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 18

1.15 History of the Internet

• The Internet enables
– Quick and easy communication via e-mail
– International networking of computers
• Packet switching
– Transfers digital data via small packets
– Allows multiple users to send and receive data
simultaneously
• No centralized control
– If one part of the Internet fails, other parts can still operate
• Bandwidth
– Carrying capacity of communications lines

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 19

1.16 History of the World Wide Web

• World Wide Web
– Allows users to locate and view multimedia-based
documents on almost any subject
– Makes information instantly and conveniently accessible
worldwide
– Makes it possible for individuals and small businesses to get
worldwide exposure
– Is changing the way business is done

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 20
1.17 General Notes About C++
and This Book
• Book is geared toward novice programmers
• Programming clarity is stressed

• C and C++ are portable languages

– Programs written in C and C++ can run on many different
computers

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 21
1.18 Introduction to C++
Programming
• C++ language
– Facilitates a structured and disciplined approach to computer
program design

• Following are several examples

– The examples illustrate many important features of C++
– Each example is analyzed one statement at a time.

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1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp 22
Outline
2 // A first program in C++
Comments
3 #include <iostream> 1. Comments
Written between /* and */ or following a //.
4
Improve program readability and do not cause the
5 int main() computer to perform any action. 2. Load <iostream>
6 { 3. main
preprocessor directive
7 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
Message to the C++ preprocessor.3.1 Print "Welcome
8
to C++\n"
Lines beginning with # are preprocessor directives.
9 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
#include <iostream> tells3.2 the preprocessor
exit (return to 0)
10 } include
C++ the contents
programs containofone
theor
filemore
<iostream>, which
functions, one of
includes
which input/output
must be main operations (such as printing to
the screen). Program Output
Welcome to C++! Parenthesis are used to indicate a function
Prints the string of characters
int meanscontained between
that main the an integer value.
"returns"
quotation marks. More in Chapter 3.
return is a way to exit a function
from a function. A left brace { begins
The entire line, including std::cout, the the
<< body of every function
operator,
return 0, in this case, means the and a right to
thatstring "Welcome braceC++!\n"
} ends it. and
the program terminatedthe semicolon (;), is called a statement.
normally.

All statements must end with a semicolon.

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 23
1.19 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• std::cout
– Standard output stream object
– “Connected” to the screen
– std:: specifies the "namespace" which cout belongs to
• std:: can be removed through the use of using statements
• <<
– Stream insertion operator
– Value to the right of the operator (right operand) inserted
into output stream (which is connected to the screen)
– std::cout << “Welcome to C++!\n”;
•\
– Escape character
– Indicates that a “special” character is to be output

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 24
1.19 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

• There are multiple ways to print text

– Following are more examples

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1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp 25
2 // Printing a line with multiple statements
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
1. Load <iostream>
4

5 int main() 2. main

6 {
2.1 Print "Welcome"
7 std::cout << "Welcome ";

8 std::cout << "to C++!\n"; 2.2 Print "to C++!"

9

10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully

2.3 newline

11 }
2.4 exit (return 0)

Welcome to C++! Program Output

Unless new line '\n' is specified, the text continues

on the same line.

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1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp 26
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
1. Load <iostream>
4
2. main
5 int main()
2.1 Print "Welcome"
6 {

7 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n"; 2.2 newline

8 2.3 Print "to"

9 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
2.4 newline
10 }
2.5 newline

2.6 Print "C++!"

Welcome
to
2.7 newline
C++!
2.8 exit (return 0)
Multiple lines can be printed with one
Program Output
statement.

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 27
1.20 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Location in memory where a value can be stored for use by a
program
– Must be declared with a name and a data type before they
can be used
– Some common data types are:
• int - integer numbers
• char - characters
• double - floating point numbers
– Example: int myvariable;
• Declares a variable named myvariable of type int
– Example: int variable1, variable2;
• Declares two variables, each of type int

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 28
1.20 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• >> (stream extraction operator)
– When used with std::cin, waits for the user to input a
value and stores the value in the variable to the right of the
operator
– The user types a value, then presses the Enter (Return) key
to send the data to the computer
– Example:
int myVariable;
std::cin >> myVariable;
• Waits for user input, then stores input in myVariable
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns value to a variable
– Binary operator (has two operands)
– Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;
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1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp 29
2 // Addition program Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 [Link] <iostream>
5 int main()
6 { 2. main
7 int integer1, integer2, sum; // declaration
2.1 Initialize
8
variables
9 std::cout << "Enter first integer\n"; // prompt integer1,
Notice how std::cin is used to get user
10 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer
input. integer2, and sum
11 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt
12 std::cin >> integer2; // read an integer 2.2 Print "Enter
13 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assignment of sum first integer"
14 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sum 2.2.1 Get input
15
2.3 Print "Enter
16 return 0; std::endl
// indicate that program ended successfully flushessecond
the bufferinteger"
and
17 } prints a newline.
2.3.1 Get input

Enter first integer 2.4 Add variables

Variables can be output using std::cout << variableName.
45 and put result
Enter second integer
72 into sum
Sum is 117
2.5 Print "Sum is"
2.5.1 Output
sum
2.6 exit (return 0)
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 30

1.21 Memory Concepts

• Variable names
– Correspond to locations in the computer's memory
– Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value
– Whenever a new value is placed into a variable, it replaces
the previous value - it is destroyed
– Reading variables from memory does not change them
• A visual representation

integer1 45

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 31

1.22 Arithmetic
• Arithmetic calculations
– Use * for multiplication and / for division
– Integer division truncates remainder
• 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– Modulus operator returns the remainder
• 7 % 5 evaluates to 2
• Operator precedence
– Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e.,
multiplication before addition)
• Be sure to use parenthesis when needed
– Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c
• Do not use: a + b + c / 3
• Use: (a + b + c ) / 3

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 32

1.22 Arithmetic
• Arithmetic operators:
C ++ operation Arithmetic Algebraic C ++ expression
operator expression
Addition + f+7 f + 7
Subtraction - p–c p - c
Multiplication * bm b * m
Division / x/y x / y

Modulus % r mod s r % s

• Rules of operator precedence:

Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)

() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the

expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level”
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

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 33
1.23 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
• if structure
– Test conditions truth or falsity. If condition met execute,
otherwise ignore
• Equality and relational operators
– Lower precedence than arithmetic operators

• Table of relational operators on next slide

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 34
1.23 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators

Standard algebraic C ++ equality Example Meaning of

equality operator or or relational of C ++ C ++ condition
relational operator operator condition
Relational operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y
 >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y
 <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
 != x != y x is not equal to y

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 35
1.23 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
• using statements
– Eliminate the need to use the std:: prefix
– Allow us to write cout instead of std::cout
– To use the following functions without the std:: prefix,
write the following at the top of the program
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;

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 1 // Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp 36
2 // Using if statements, relational Outline
3 // operators, and equality operators
4 #include <iostream>
5 1. Load <iostream>
6 using std::cout; // program uses cout
7 using std::cin; // program uses cin Notice the using statements.
8 using std::endl; // program uses endl 2. main
9
10 int main()
11 {
2.1 Initialize num1
12 int num1, num2; and num2
13 2.1.1 Input data
14 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
15 << "the relationships they satisfy: ";
16 cin >> num1 >> num2; // read two two integers, and I will tell2.2
integers
Enter you if statements
17
the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
18 if ( num1 == num2 )
19 cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl;
20
The if statements test the truth
21 if ( num1 != num2 ) of the condition. If it is true,
22 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl; 3body of if
is not statement
equal to 7 is
23 executed. If not, body is
24 if ( num1 < num2 ) skipped.
25 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl; 3 is less than 7
26 To include multiple statements
27 if ( num1 > num2 ) in a body, delineate them with
28 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
braces {}.
29
30 if ( num1 <= num2 )
31 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to " 3 is less than or equal to 7
32 << num2 << endl;
33  2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
34 if ( num1 >= num2 ) 37
35 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to " Outline
36 << num2 << endl;

37
2.3 exit (return 0)
38 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully

39 }

Enter two integers, and I will tell you Program Output

the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
3 is not equal to 7
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
7 is greater than or equal to 7

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 1.24 Thinking About Objects: 38

Introduction to Object Technology

and the Unified Modeling Language

• Object orientation
– Natural way to think about the world and to write computer
programs
– Attributes - properties of objects
• Size, shape, color, weight, etc.
– Behaviors - actions
• A ball rolls, bounces, inflates and deflates
• Objects can perform actions as well
– Inheritance
• New classes of objects absorb characteristics from existing classes
– Information hiding
• Objects usually do not know how other objects are implemented

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 1.24 Thinking About Objects: 39

Introduction to Object Technology

and the Unified Modeling Language
• Abstraction - view the big picture
– See a photograph rather than a group of colored dots
– Think in terms of houses, not bricks

• Class - unit of programming

– Classes serve as a “Blueprint" of objects
• Objects are created from a class
– Classes contain functions
• Used to implement behaviors
– Classes contain data
• Used to implement attributes
– Classes are reusable

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 1.24 Thinking About Objects: 40

Introduction to Object Technology

and the Unified Modeling Language

• Unified Modeling Language (UML)

– Used to model object-oriented systems and aid with their
design
– Complex, feature-rich graphical language

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