PROF.
JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
WEATHER PARAMETERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
[Link] Rao
Scientist(Agronomy
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION
KARIMNAGAR
INTRODUCTION
Weather is present in Troposphere of Atmosphere (i.e. from Ground level to
about 18Km above ground)
Atmospheric probing involves many instruments like very simple instrument
like Thermometer to most sophisticated Dual Polarized Doppler Weather Radar
to satellite borne high resolution radio meters.
Weather Observation involves measurement of following Elements:
Atmospheric Pressure
Temperature : Instantaneous, Maximum, Minimum
Humidity (RH)
Rainfall
Wind : Speed, Direction
Cloud : Type, Amount, Height
Air Pollution
Solar Radiation
Evaporation, Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture (for agriculture purpose
only)
etc
Rain guage: to
measure
rainfall in cm
or mm
Anemometer:
to measure
wind speed in
km/hr or
m/second
Panevopari meter: to
measure evaporation
per day
Soil
thermometer
: to measure
soil
temperature
in different
depths.
Sunshine
recorder: to
measure sun shine
hours per day
Wind vane:
to measure
wind
direction
BAROMETER
PURPOSE: TO MEASURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
TYPE :KEW PATTERN
CONSTRUCTION:
[Link] TUBE 90 CM CLOSED AT TOP
2. CITERN (BULB)
3. BRASS SCALE IN Mb (Milli Bars)
Principle:
The Mercury column in the glass tube is supported
by the pressure of the air on the surface of mercury in the
cistern.
Corrections Applied:
Temperature correction.
Gravity correction.
Index correction.
Units of Measurement:
Milli Bars or Hecta Pascals
(1 milli bar = 0.0145038 psi)
Observation Procedure: Read level of mercury using
magnifying lens, apply temperature correction, index
correction, if any.
ANEROID BAROMETER
Construction:
Aneroid (devoid of air) capsule.
Principle of working:
Expansion/contraction of capsule
due to decrease/increase of
atmospheric pressure.
Observation Procedure: Read the
position of needle on the dial, apply
corrections, if any.
DIGITAL BAROMETER
Construction:
Aneroid (devoid of air) capsule.
Principle of working:
Expansion/contraction of capsule
due to decrease/increase of
atmospheric pressure.
Observation Procedure: Read the
position of needle on the dial, apply
corrections, if any.
BAROGRAPH
PURPOSE: TO RECORD
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Principle: The Sensor, ANEROID element,
expands or contracts to pressure changes in
the atmosphere. A lever system amplifies the
movements and a pen marks (records) on the
chart.
Units of Measurement : Millibars or Hecta
Pascals
Advantage: Provides continuous record of
variations of pressure. Can indicate
Maximum and Minimum pressures of day
with time of occurrence.
Observation Procedure:
Read level of mercury column
using magnifying lens, apply
index correction, if any.
Set the Max and Min
thermometers to current value
after observation is over.
Read RH /Dew Point
values from Hygrometric
tables.
Thermogram
Hygrogram
Relation between Temperature
and Humidity
(Relative humidity depends on
temperature and the pressure )
Hygrogram
Thermogram
Observation Procedure: Pour the rain water collected in the
collector bottle in to calibrated measuring jar and read the
value.
Cup Generator
Anemometer
Three-cup anemometer
Chopps IR beam
No of chopped electric pulses per min is
proportional to the Wind speed
Micro controller gives value in RS232
format
Calibrated in Wind Tunnel by using
standard alcohol manometer
Accuracy of ±2% of true wind speed up to
100Knots
Digital to Analog convertor used to give
directly 0 to 4Volts DC for 0 to 100Knots
Wind Speed.
Potentiometric
wind vane
servo-micro torque potentiometer
coupled to the wind vane shaft
resistance output increasing linearly ( 0 -10
K ) with the increasing of wind direction.
North 0K; East 2.5K
South 5K ; West 7.5K
ANEMOGRAPH
(Dynes Pressure Tube Type)
SUN SHINE RECORDER
Purpose : To record duration of bright sunshine in a day.
Method of working : Glass sphere working like a convex lens
focuses sunlight onto a paper chart and the spot burns the paper.
Movement of spot due to Sun’s movement forms a charred line.
Cloud Atlas
High Clouds (6- 13 Km)
Cirro Stratus Cirrus Cirro Cumulus
Cloud Atlas
Medium Clouds (2- 6 Km)
Alto Cumulus Alto Stratus
Cloud Atlas
Low Clouds (0.5 - 2 Km)
Strato Cumulus Stratus Nimbo Stratus
Cloud Atlas : Special Class
Cumulonimbus (Cb)
Various Cloud Observations
Satellite
3D Images
Weather Radar Surface Observations
Radiation Measurement
Solar Energy received at
Ground (Watts/m2)
Pyranometer – Heliostat – Pyranometer –
Global Direct Radiation Diffused
AUTOMATIC
WEATHER STATION
Purpose : To measure, log and transmit
weather parameters to a central receiving
station.
Parameters:
Wind Speed -UltraSound
Wind Direction -Ultra Sound
Air Temperature - Thermistor
Relative Humidity -Due Cell/Humicap
Atmospheric Pressure -Barocap
Rainfall -Tipping Bucket/Impact
sensor
Solar Radiation (Global) - Pyranometer
PILOT BALLOON
Small Hydrogen Filled Balloon attached
with 100mtr Tail.
A paper flag tied at the end of the tails.
Manually tracked using an Optical
Theodolite and its position is noted every
minute by Azimunth and Elevation angles.
Computation is done to find Wind Speed
and Direction at different levels above
ground.
Pilot message is generated and
disseminated to forecasting offices.
Optical Theodolite
RADIOSONDE (IMD Mk-IV)
Sensors:
Temperature : Thermister (Titanium Oxide compound)
Humidity : Hygrister (Carbon coated glass slide)
Pressure : Aneroid capsule (Baroswitch)
RADIOSONDE ASCENT
RS – Temp & RS – Wind Profile
Humidity Profile
Doppler Weather Radar
and its
Application in Agriculture
Doppler Weather
Radar Building at
Begumpet, Hyderabad
Radome & Inside
Inside Radar Eqpt
Room
Doppler Weather RADAR
(Machilipatnam)
Equipment Product (Image)
X Band – Multi Met Radar Antenna
How Does a Radar Work ?
A Doppler Weather Radar scans atmosphere around its site.
Scans upto 500 Kms radius.
General weather surveillance upto 300 Kms radius.
Rainfall estimation upto 100 Km radius.
Measures Refelectivity factor i.e. intensity of clouds
Measures radial velocity of cloud particles.
Plan Position Indicator : Reflectivity
Maximum Reflectivity Image
Patancheruvu
(Lat 17.51 N 78.25 E)
Thunder storm clouds
Surface Rainfall Intensity Image
24 Hr Precipitation Accumulation
Vertical Wind Profile
HORIZONTAL WIND AT 0.5Km Height
HORIZONTAL WIND AT 3.0 Km Height
SEVERE WEATHER EVENT ANALYSIS :
CYCLONES
Centre of Storm
DWR
15.1/80.3
Machilipatnam
Meteorological Satellites
Geostationery Satellites
At 36000Kms above ground
Polar Orbiting Satellites
Orbiting at 800Km above ground
Satellite Image
Indian Met Satellites:
•Metsat1 (Kalpana1) –
dedicated Met satellite
•INSAT Series -
Meteorological Sensors on board Satellite
Very High Resolution Radiometer (Imager)
Microwave Sounding Unit (Sounder)
Microwave Humidity Sensor
Infrared Radiation sensor
Space Environment Monitor
Search and Rescue Repeater and Processor
Data Relay Transponder (DRT)
Radar Application in Agriculture
Most useful product is 24-hr Precipitation Accumulation
Spatial coverage of rainfall estimation by radar has very
high resolution (0.5 Km X 0.5 Km)
Rainfall intensity estimation is useful to understand
location of high intense rain spells
Locations of Hailstorms can be identified
Occurrence of Thunder storms/Hail Storms with their
intensities can be located.
High surface wind areas (mostly driven by
Thunderstorms) can be identified.
Thank You