UNIT 1: THERMODYNAMICS

Syllabus:
Definition of thermodynamics, Scope, Microscopic
and Macroscopic
View, Types of Thermodynamic System, properties
Thermodynamic State, Process, Cycle, Heat, work,
Internal Energy,
Thermodynamics equilibrium, Zeroth law, First Law
of Thermodynamics,, Limitations of First Law
Application of First Law to steady Flow processes
(Numerical Treatment)

PREPARED BY: PROF. R. G. KSHIRSAGAR

 Definition and scope
 Definition- It is the branch of physical science that deals with the relations
between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or
chemical energy)
 Scope:- Thermodynamics has very wide applications as basis of thermal
engineering. Almost all process and engineering industries, agriculture,
transport, commercial and domestic activities use thermal engineering. But
energy technology and power sector are fully dependent on the laws of
thermodynamics.
 For example:
(i) Central thermal power plants, captive power plants based on coal.
(ii) Nuclear power plants.
(iii) Gas turbine power plants.
(iv) Engines for automobiles, ships, airways, spacecrafts.
(v) Direct energy conversion devices: Fuel cells, thermionic, thermoelectric
engines.
(vi) Air conditioning, heating, cooling, ventilation plants.
(vii) Domestic, commercial and industrial lighting.
(viii) Agricultural, transport and industrial machines.
All the above engines and power consuming plants are designed using laws
 Microscopic and
Macroscopic View
Sr. No. Macroscopic Approach Microscopic approach

This approach is certain quantity of matter

Events happening at molecular level is taken
01 without the events happening at molecular
into account
level

Macroscopic approach deals with the

A statistical approach is required for
properties which can be sensed by humans. Or
02 microscopic approach since number of
which can be obtained from mathematical
molecules is very large
relations.

It is an averaged value of the activities These are real values and hence difficult to
03
happening at molecular level measure

In order to describe a system from

In order to describe a system from microscopic
macroscopic we need very less number of
04 approach we need a very large number of
properties like pressure, volume, temperature
variables.
etc.
Thermodynamic System
Types of Thermodynamic System
 Thermodynamic system can be classified as an open system, a closed
system, or as an isolated system depending on its properties.
Open system
If the system features the exchange of both energy and matter with its
surroundings, it can be called an open system.
Closed system
If the system can only exchange energy with its surroundings and cannot
exchange matter with it is known as closed system.
Isolated system
An isolated system is a thermodynamic system that cannot exchange
energy or matter with its surroundings.
Open system: The system in which the transfer of mass as well as energy can take place across
its boundary is called as an open system. Our previous example of engine is an open system. In
this case we provide fuel to engine and it produces power which is given out, thus there is
exchange of mass as well as energy. The engine also emits heat which is exchanged with the
surroundings. The other example of open system is boiling water in an open vessel, where
transfer of heat as well as mass in the form of steam takes place between the vessel and
surrounding.

Closed system: The system in which the transfer of energy takes place across its boundary with
the surrounding, but no transfer of mass takes place is called as closed system. The closed system
is fixed mass system. The fluid like air or gas being compressed in the piston and cylinder
arrangement is an example of the closed system. In this case the mass of the gas remains constant
but it can get heated or cooled. Another example is the water being heated in the closed vessel,
where water will get heated but its mass will remain same.

Isolated system: The system in which neither the transfer of mass nor that of energy takes place
across its boundary with the surroundings is called as isolated system. For example if the piston
and cylinder arrangement in which the fluid like air or gas is being compressed or
expanded is insulated it becomes isolated system. Here there will neither transfer of mass nor
that of energy. Similarly hot water, coffee or tea kept in the thermos flask is closed system.
However, if we pour this fluid in a cup, it becomes an open system.

Adiabatic system: The term adiabatic means no heat and mass transfer. The energy transfer
from an adiabatic system takes place in the form of work done. [Link] turbine with
insulation.
 Properties of a System

A property of a system is any characteristic of the system which can be measured

directly or indirectly, while the system remains at equilibrium. The properties of a
system may be classified into two groups as:
(a) Intensive or Intrinsic properties
(b) Extensive or Extrinsic properties
 (a) Intrinsic properties are those properties which are independent of the mass of
system. These properties are inherent and do not depend on mass of the system e.g.
temperature, pressure, specific volume, density, viscosity etc.
 (b) Extrinsic properties are those which are dependent on mass of the system.
Values of these properties depend directly on mass of the system. Value of extrinsic
properties increases with increase in mass of system e.g. total or net volume, energy,
weight.
 A particularly important type of intensive property is the specific property, which
is always given on a unit mass basis. An example is specific volume
 State of a System
State of a System: It is the condition of a system at any particular moment which can be
defined by a set of properties e.g. pressure, temperature, volume etc.
The system may remain in a constant state under equilibrium position e.g. a gas filled in a
cylinder of volume 1 m3 at pressure 10 bar and at atmospheric temperature is at a state
defined by values of its pressure, volume and temperature.
A state is represented by a point on the property charts like Pressure-Volume (P-V), and
Temperature-Entropy (T-S) diagrams etc. Point 1 and 2 as shown in fig 2.1 represent state
of gas.

Fig. 2.1 Non-flow Isentropic Compression Process in a

 Thermodynamic Process
 The continuous series of states followed by a working
medium as it liberates, absorbs or transforms energy is
defined as thermodynamic process.
 A thermodynamic process has some initial state and then a
final state. During this process, the system may exchange
the energy with the surroundings either in the form of heat or
work or both e.g. if a gas, initially present at a state of 5 bar
pressure and 2 m3 volume is compressed to a final state of 1
m3 volume and 12 bar pressure, it undergoes a series of
states collectively named as a compression process.
 A process is represented by a straight or curved line on the
property charts of the working medium i.e. the gas being
compressed e.g. curve 1-2 indicates an isentropic
compression process on pressure volume and temperature-
entropy charts as shown in fig 2.1.
 Point or path function
 The change in value of a property of a system depends only on end states
of the process and not on path of process e.g. a gas being compressed
from 2 m3 to 1 m3 undergoes a change in volume by 1 m3 irrespective of
the states in between the end states of this compression process.
 Thus property of system is always a point function. On the other hand
some quantities like heat/work exchange depend on the path or process
followed by the system and so these are path functions.
Sign conventions for heat
and work
 Similarities between Heat and work

 Heat and work, both are forms of energy and

their units are also same (KW)
 Both are path functions and inexact
differentials, hence they are not thermodynamics
properties.
 Both are boundary phenomena and in both cases
energy should cross system boundary.
 Both are transient phenomena and exist
whenever a system executes a process.
 A system possess energy but not work or heat.
Heat and work are associated not with store but
with a process
 Difference between Heat and work

Heat Work
1 Heat is a form of energy. Work is the amount of energy
transferred by force through a
distance.
2 Heat requires a temperature Work requires a force and
difference. displacement.
3 Heat is a low grade energy. Work is a high grade energy.

4 The efficiency of the transfer of heat The efficiency of the transfer of

to work is lower. work to heat is lower.

5 Heat is thermal energy transfer. Work is a mechanical energy

transfer.
 Forms of energy
 potential energy is the energy that is
stored in an object due to its position
relative to some zero position. P.E. =
mgz
 Kinetic energy is the energy an object
has because of its motion. K.E. = 1/2 m
v2
 Internal energy (U) is the microscopic
energy contained in a substance, given
by the random, disordered kinetic
energy of the molecules.
Thermodynamic
Equilibrium
 Zeroth law of
thermodynamics
 First law of
thermodynamics
 The first law of thermodynamics is usually
reffered as the Law of Conservation of
energy ie. Energy can neither be created
nor be destroyed, but it can transformed
from one form to another form.
PMM-I
Limitations of first law of
thermodynamics
 steady flow process

A steady flow process is a process in which

matter and energy flow in and out of an
open system at steady rates.
steady flow Energy
Equation
Numerical 1
Numerical 2
Numerical 3