Macro Mechanical Analysis of a Lamina
CHAPTER 2 – PART II
1
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY
3D Stresses and Strains at a Point: Produces 9 stress components and 9
strain components
By equality of cross shears, it will reduce to
6 components
τxy = τyx
τyz = τzy and τzx = τxz
2
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : G ENERALIZED HOOKE'S LAW
: 6 STRAIN COMPONENTS
3
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : G ENERALIZED HOOKE'S LAW
: 6 STRESS COMPONENTS
4
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
The relationship between stress and strain in linear elasticity is described by
Hooke’s law. Hooke’s law states that, for small strains, stress is linearly
proportional to strain. For the simple case of a uniaxial stress applied to an
isotropic solid, we can write Hooke’s law as :
5
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : G ENERALIZED HOOKE'S LAW
: 6 STRAIN COMPONENTS
6
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In its most generalized form, Hooke’s law can be written in the indicial or tensorial notation as:
In general, it requires 81 elastic[9 x 1]
constants [9x9]
to fully characterize a material.
[9 x 1]
Generalized Hooke's law that means all the components of stresses could be actually expressed
in terms of all the components of strains by means of linear relationship so this is called
generalized Hooke's law in three dimensions similarly we can write the strains in terms of
stresses
7
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
Similarly, we can write the strains in terms of stresses, this C Matrix is called
the stiffness Matrix and this S Matrix is known as compliance Matrix. The
stiffness Matrix when stresses are expressed in terms of strains and the
compliance Matrix when the
[9 xstrains
1] are expressed in terms of stresses.
[9x9]
[9 x 1]
8
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two Shear
stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding nine stress
com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9] Matrix there fore
81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant eight to one elastic
constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we need to
know this 81 elastic constants 9
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
9 Stress Components These are 81 independent 9 Strain Components
elastic constants
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
10
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
As the stress and stresses
Because on itsand
eachstrains
plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
are reduced from nine to six therefore
Shear
the elements stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
of stiffness
Matrix also gets
nine reduced
stress comtostrain
36 from 81
components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
So, we need
If actually forwant
we really symmetric
to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
stress and strain tensors we need 36
need
independent to know
elastic this 81toelastic constants
constants
characterize the material 11
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
12
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
So, in contracted
notation this is
how thestresses
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
are related to six
Cartesian
components of coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
stress are
completely specify the state of stress
actually related
to six
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
components of
strains by
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
means of 36 ah
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
independent
elastic constants
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
13
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
This C Matrix is
actually
called the
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
stiffness Matrix
and if you take stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
Shear
inverse of this
then younine
get stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
taking inverse
Matrixofthere fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
this, we get this S
eight
Matrix that to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
means
strains are related
Ifand
to stresses we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
this S Matrix
needisto know this 81 elastic constants
called the 14
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : SUMMARY
So, in an isotropic body the stress and strain relationship is given
by this and suppose we want to ah characterize an isotopic material
we need to know this 36 independent elastic constants then only
we can correlate the stresses to the corresponding strains and vice
versa.
15
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : SUMMARY
So, in an isotropic body the stress and strain relationship is given
by this and suppose we want to ah characterize an isotopic material
we need to know this 36 independent elastic constants then only
we can correlate the stresses to the corresponding strains and vice
versa.
16
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : 36-21 ELASTIC
CONSTANTS
The net result is that the stiffness Matrix is and the compliance
Matrix is they are actually symmetric. Therefore, as a
consequence of this symmetric instead of 36 now we need 21
independent elastic constants, because the Matrix is symmetric,
we actually 21 independent elastic constants to characterize an
anisotropic material so, what that means is that if we really want
to characterize an anisotropic material that means we want to
know subjected to load or subjected to stresses what will be the
strains we need to know this 21 independent elastic constants.
17
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
18
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
Direction
eight to one elastic constants are required to fullyCosine
characterize the material.
Matrix
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
19
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
Direction
eight to one elastic constants are required to fullyCosine
characterize the material.
Matrix
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
20
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
Direction
eight to one elastic constants are required to fullyCosine
characterize the material.
Matrix
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
21
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
Direction
eight to one elastic constants are required to fullyCosine
characterize the material.
Matrix
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
22
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
Direction Cosine
Matrix
23
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
24
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : MONOCLINIC
MATERIALS
One Plane of symmetry
One Principal direction
25
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
26
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
27
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
28
ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY : HOOKE’S LAW
In general, if we have nine stress components and nine strain components in a
Cartesian coordinate at a point, we need three mutually perpendicular planes to
completely specify the state of stress
Because on its each plane there could be three stresses one normal and two
Shear stresses therefore there will be nine stress components and corresponding
nine stress com strain components and they could be related by means of [9 X 9]
Matrix there fore 81 elastic constants the elements are known as elastic constant
eight to one elastic constants are required to fully characterize the material.
If we really want to know subjected to strains what are the stresses then we
need to know this 81 elastic constants
29