Scribd
Upload
8 views12 pages

Understanding Surveying Techniques and Types

Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of features on the earth's surface, focusing on measuring distances, elevations, and directions. It is classified into primary types, such as Plane and Geodetic Surveying, and secondary classifications based on instruments and purposes. Surveying is essential in civil engineering for tasks like boundary fixing, data collection, and preparing maps.

Uploaded by

Bilisumman Hawwe Beeka
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views12 pages

Understanding Surveying Techniques and Types

Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of features on the earth's surface, focusing on measuring distances, elevations, and directions. It is classified into primary types, such as Plane and Geodetic Surveying, and secondary classifications based on instruments and purposes. Surveying is essential in civil engineering for tasks like boundary fixing, data collection, and preparing maps.

Uploaded by

Bilisumman Hawwe Beeka
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Surveying

Oct 2019
Definition of Surveying

Surveying is the science and art of determining


the relative positions of natural and man-made
features above, on, or beneath the earth’s
surface, and the presentation of this information
either graphically or numerically.
Definition of Surveying

The primary aims of surveying are:


 to measure the Horizontal Distance between points.
 to measure the Vertical Elevation between points.
 to find out the Relative Direction of lines by
measuring horizontal angles with reference to any
arbitrary/ fixed direction

These parameters are utilized to find out the relative


coordinates of a point /location.
Types of Surveying
 Classification
• Primary Classification
• Secondary Classification
o Based on Instrument
o Based on purpose
Primary Classification
The approximate shape of the earth can best be
defined as imperfect sphere. But, most of the
civil engineering works, concern only with a small
portion of the earth which seems to be a plane
surface.
Thus, based upon the consideration of the shape
of the earth, surveying is broadly divided into
two types

 Plane Surveying
 Geodetic Surveying
Primary Classification: Plane Surveying

Fundamental assumptions in Plane surveying:

 All distances and directions are horizontal;


 The direction of the plumb line is same at all
points within the limits of the survey;
 All angles (both horizontal and vertical) are
plane angles;
 Elevations are with reference to a datum.
Primary Classification: Geodetic Surveying

In this branch of surveying, the true shape of


the earth is taken into consideration.

This type of surveying is being carried out for


highly precise work and is adopted for survey-
ing of large area.
Secondary Classification: Instrument

 Chain Survey
 Compass survey
 Theodolite survey
 Tacheometric Survey
 Photographic survey
Some Surveying Instrument
Secondary Classification: Purpose
 Route survey: To plan, design, and laying out of route
such as highways, railways, canals, pipelines, and other
linear projects.

 Construction surveys: Surveys which are required for


establishment of points, lines, grades, and for staking
out engineering works (after the plans have been
prepared and the structural design has been done).

 Astronomic surveys: To determine the latitude,


longitude (of the observation station) and azimuth (of a
line through observation station) from astronomical
observation.
The role of Surveying in Civil Engineering Practice

Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all


Civil Engineering projects.

Other principal works in which surveying is


primarily utilised are:
 to fix the national and state boundaries;
 to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
 to establish control points;
 To collect field data;
 To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed;
 To analyse and to calculate the field parameters for
setting out operation of actual engineering works.
Q&A

? T h a n ks !

You might also like