KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY

Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Applied Geology

Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta – 577 451
Shimoga Dist., Karnataka
Dissertation Submitted to the Kuvempu University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In
EARTH SCIENCE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
(UGC INNOVATIVE PROGRAMME)

“SPATIO-TEMPORAL RAINFALL VARIABILITY, TREND ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION OF

WATER SPREAD AREA IN SURFACE WATER BODIES OF SHARAVATHI RIVER BASIN IN
SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT USING GEOSPATIAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS”
Submitted By Under the Guidance of
Mr. Pradeep N Sagar Dr. GOVINDARAJU
[Link]. P06MC21S0041 PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED GEOLOGY
KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY, JNANA SAHYADRI KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY, JNANA SAHYADRI
SHANKARAGHATTA SHANKARAGHATTA
2023
 Introduction
The present study aims to identify the long term spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall,
groundwater distribution and the water spread area of surface water bodies using the methods from GIS and
statistical tools, in Sharavathi river basin in Shivamogga district.

The main aim of the study is to understand the rainfall variability and its impact on groundwater and
water spread area in surface water bodies in the study area.
To fulfill the aim following objectives could be achieved
 Preparation of Isohyetal maps from the year 1973 to 2022 to analyze the rainfall variability in the study
area.
 To carryout Rainfall trend analysis using Mann Kendle test and Sen’s slope method.
 Preparation of groundwater contour maps from the year 2006 to 2016 to analyze the impact of rainfall on
groundwater table.
 To analyze the impact of rainfall variability on water spread area in surface water bodies in the study area.
 To create a digital database for further studies for betterment of society.
 LOCATION AND EXTANT
OF THE STUDY AREA

Sharavathi river basin lies

in Shivamogga District occupies
an average area of 1999.85 sq.
km. The basin is located between
latitude 13042’00’’ to 14014’00’’ N
and longitude 740 40’ 00’’ to 750
20’00’’ E.
Flow Chart shows
brief methodology of
the investigation
Fig: Rain Guage Stations Map
Spatio-Temporal Rainfall Variability Analysis From 1973 To 2022
Rainfall and temperature are the key elements of weather systems due to their
temporal and spatial variability at different scales. Hence, analysis of their behavior is
vital for understanding of climate variability. Long term weather analyses are useful in
deciding future directions and/or alterations required in existing system for sustainable
crop production. An isohyetal map displays lines connecting points that receive equal
amounts of precipitation over a defined period. These maps are crucial for understanding
and visualizing the distribution of rainfall across regions, which is vital for various
applications including agriculture, water resource management, flood control, and urban
planning. Isohyetal maps and bar graphs are used for rainfall variability analysis of
Sharavathi river basin and the results are described.
Fig 4.2a: Isohyetal Maps of Study Area (1973-1989)
Fig 4.2b: Isohyetal Maps of Study Area (1990-2005)
Fig. 4.2c Isohyetal Maps of Study Area (2006-2023)
Table 4.2a: Annual Maximum and Minimum Rainfall From 1973 to 2022
Year Maximum Minimum Average Year Maximum Minimum Average
1973 5911.78 1811.04 3861.41 1998 7741.99 2058.71 4900.35
1974 7354.63 1527.63 4441.13 1999 13980.39 1733.86 7.857.86
1975 9879.28 2150 6014.64 2000 7342.17 2156.13 4749.15
1976 8055.88 1456.98 4756.43 2001 8141.2 1376.21 4758.705
1977 7650.64 1433.92 4542.28 2002 5657.57 1230.67 3444.12
1978 9921.38 1360.26 5640.82 2003 5529.03 1234.59 3381.81
1979 6778.27 1184.02 3981.15 2004 5334.93 1766.56 3550.745
1980 10070.3 2609.14 6339.72 2005 6474.85 1622.06 4048.455
1981 7667.93 1356.93 4512.43 2006 7925.37 1464.25 4694.81
1982 7264.41 1884.55 4574.48 2007 8119.34 2337.05 5228.195
1983 8189.23 1759.22 4974.23 2008 6547.34 1932.35 4239.845
1984 7227.83 1459.4 4343.62 2009 6541.58 1996.36 4268.97
1985 6871.68 1100.65 3986.17 2010 6518.35 1871.73 4195.04
1986 8064.37 1632.84 4848.61 2011 7684.71 1765.02 4724.865
1987 14293.9 1607.87 7950.87 2012 7306.45 1592.37 4449.41
1988 6964.43 1356.41 4160.42 2013 7141.32 1984.98 4563.15
1989 7285.38 1323.85 4304.62 2014 6256.82 2200.51 4228.665
1990 8753.01 2209.28 5481.15 2015 4297.91 1447.4 2872.655
1991 5746.47 2027.11 3886.79 2016 4363.29 1148.65 2755.97
1992 6928.48 2324.1 4626.29 2017 4715.22 1297.08 3006.15
1993 7858.51 1936.16 4897.34 2018 7340.6 1359.67 4350.135
1994 8221.67 1991.45 5106.56 2019 6621.36 955.86 3788.61
1995 5216.23 1782.69 3499.46 2020 7277.91 1824.22 4551.065
1996 6820.32 1670.81 4245.57 2021 9282.67 2575.19 5928.93
1997 6142.56 1743.37 3942.97 2022 7126.23 2126.68 4626.455
Table 4.2b: Annual Average Rainfall Data From 1973 To 2022
Serial no. Station Latitude Longitude Average

1 Anandapura 14°04'32" 75°13'59" 1666.828

2 Aralagodu 14°08'00" 74°50'03" 4806.967
3 Byakodi 13°59'09" 74°48'37" 4363.668
4 Jog 14°12'01" 74°47'31" 5406.537
5 Kargal 14°11'25" 74°48'50" 4114.104
6 Koralikoppa 14°13'46" 75°08'21" 1548.977
7 Kogar 14°03'18" 75°44'08" 6307.99
8 Linganamakki 14°10'32" 74°50'47" 3611.581
9 Nagavalli 14°05'47" 74°40'09" 5449.72
10 Sagara 14°10'01" 75°02'25" 2102.834
11 Talakalale 14°11'14" 74°46'54" 4176.566
12 Talaguppa 14°12'52" 74°54'31" 2749.174
13 Tagarti 14°12'10" 75°11'22" 1852.936
14 Arasal 13°59'54" 75°18'32" 1921.176
15 Ginikal 13°44'05" 75°04'28" 6507.816
16 Hosanagar 13°54'55" 75°03'49" 3433.153
17 Hulikal 13°43'45" 75°01'09" 8370.699
18 Mathikai 13°53'03" 74°56'08" 5084.65
19 Nagara 13°49'17" 75°01'49" 4975.16
20 Neralamane 13°50'31" 74°59'01" 6143.367
21 Sunnadamane 13°40'39" 75°08'49" 4719.308
22 Vatagod 13°49'59" 74°59'56" 6012.214
23 Yadur 13°41'39" 75°04'45" 6678.46
24 Mathiga 13°43'38" 75°02'57" 4754.021
25 Aynuru 14°00'37" 75°26'09" 1122.439 Fig 4.2d: Average isohyetal map of study area from 1973 to 2022
 Anandapura Kargal
3000 8000
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
2000 6000
4000
1000 2000
0 0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years Years

Aralagodu Koralikoppa
8000 3000
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
6000 2000
4000
1000
2000
0
0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years
Years

Byakodi Kogar
10000
10000

Rainfall in mm
8000
8000
Rainfall in mm

6000
6000 4000
4000 2000
2000 0
0 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Years
Years

Jog Linganamakki
15000 6000
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
10000 4000
5000 2000
0 0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years Years
 Tagarti
Nagavalli 5000
8000 4000

Rainfall in mm
Rainfall in mm

6000 3000
4000 2000
2000 1000
0 0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years Years

Sagara Arasal
6000 4000

Rainfall in mm
Rainfall in mm

3000
4000
2000
2000 1000
0 0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years Years

Talakalale Ginikal
8000 12000

Rainfall in mm
Rainfall in mm

6000 8000
4000 4000
2000
0 0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Years Years

Talaguppa Hosanagar
12000
6000

Rainfall in mm
Rainfall in mm

8000
4000
4000
2000
0
0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years Years
 Hulikal Sunnadamane
15000 8000
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
10000 6000
4000
5000
2000
0 0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years Years

Mathikai Vatagod
8000 8000

Rainfall in mm
Rainfall in mm

4000 4000
0 0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years
Years

Nagara Yadur
8000 12000
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
4000 8000
4000
0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 0
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
Years 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years

Neralamane Mathiga

Rainfall in mm
8000 8000
Rainfall in mm

4000 4000

0 0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years Years
 Aynuru
3000

Rainfall in mm
2000
1000
0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years

Average annual rainfall from 1973 to 2022

14000

12000

10000
Rainfall in mm

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 Years
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Anandapura Aralagodu Byakodi Jog Kargal Koralikoppa Kogar Linganamakki Nagavalli Sagara Talakalale
Talaguppa Tagarti Arasal Ginikal Hosanagar Hulikal Mathikai Nagara Neralamane Sunnadamane Vatagod
Yadur Mathiga Aynuru

Graph. Annual average temporal variability of all rain gauge stations from 1973 to 2022
Rainfall Trend Analysis In Mann Kendall Test And Sen’s Slope Method
Mann – Kendall Trend test was used, to study the significance of the rainfall pattern over the
basin. The results of Mann - Kendall Test for yearly and seasonal rainfall trend analysis, from the 25 rain
gauge stations in and around the Sharavathi river basin. Two hypotheses were formulated to be tested in
the study one was a Null hypothesis () and another was an Alternate hypothesis (). According to (), there
is no trend in the data series and Ha states that there is a trend in the data series. As mentioned in the
formula, if the computed p-value is lower than the significance level of α = 0.05, one should reject the null
hypothesis () and if the p-value is greater than the significance level α = 0.05, one should not reject the
null hypothesis . If the trend value were to be positive, there will be positive increase or monotonic
upward trend in the particular month of the specific area. On the other hand, negative value shows
decreasing or monotonic downward trend of the area. The MK test significance level was computed as 95
%, for the data series, to analyze the fluctuation or anomaly over the basin.
 Table 4.3a: Rainfall Trend Analysis of monsoon in Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope test (1973-2022)

Stations Variable Observations Minimum Maximum Mean Std. deviation Kendall's tau S' Var(S') p-value (Two-tailed) alpha Sen's slope (Period = 4):
Anandapura 1243.4 49 735 2195.3 1325.18 363.60 -0.205 -54 1106.00 0.111 0.05 -44.870
Aralagodu 4462.2 49 2385.4 7305.7 4476.27 1120.85 -0.182 -48 1152.00 0.166 0.05 -56.155
Byakodi 4018.1 49 1938.5 7870 4161.04 1077.77 -0.098 -26 895.33 0.403 0.05 -31.671
Jog 6475.7 49 2825.9 9269.8 5074.24 1412.94 -0.280 -74 1464.67 0.056 0.05 -113.149
Kargal 3170.6 49 2370.6 6099.8 3895.47 829.53 -0.129 -34 983.33 0.293 0.05 -27.245
Koralikoppa 1269 49 533.7 2049.9 1246.99 348.35 -0.068 -18 970.00 0.585 0.05 -24.586
Kogar 5644 49 3766.8 8441.5 5973.20 989.10 -0.167 -44 1370.67 0.245 0.05 -84.038
Linganamakki 3384.9 49 2154.22 4749.4 3328.59 623.19 -0.136 -36 981.33 0.264 0.05 -32.236
Nagavalli 2549.1 49 2588.6 15238.3 5089.40 1803.92 0.053 14 1524.67 0.739 0.05 39.692
Sagara 1883.2 49 806.4 5321.8 1794.22 723.45 -0.061 -16 718.67 0.576 0.05 -15.556
Talakalale 4047.9 49 2591.7 5611.1 3879.88 686.97 -0.083 -22 824.67 0.465 0.05 -33.842
Talaguppa 2122.7 49 1510 5927.8 2472.33 763.87 0.189 50 863.33 0.095 0.05 41.701
Tagarti 1363.4 49 582.6 4312.3 1522.52 735.47 -0.220 -58 1114.00 0.088 0.05 -38.698
Arasal 1248 49 615.4 7356.6 1559.45 1002.15 -0.045 -12 1566.67 0.781 0.05 -16.729
Ginikal 6014.6 49 2520.2 19473.2 6022.17 3055.64 -0.076 -20 1018.67 0.552 0.05 -68.138
Hosanagar 2521.7 49 1318.3 7114.9 2894.26 1294.99 0.341 90 1340.67 0.345 0.05 168.064
Hulikal 7278.4 49 5418.1 12235 7893.54 1713.46 -0.235 -62 1447.33 0.109 0.05 -151.214
Mathikai 3717 49 2728.4 17603 4832.41 2139.55 -0.114 -30 948.67 0.346 0.05 -21.287
Nagara 4231.5 49 2876 7500 4714.42 1022.40 -0.083 -22 1270.00 0.556 0.05 -27.475
Neralamane 4512.3 49 3869.5 9062 5858.30 1116.00 -0.076 -20 917.33 0.530 0.05 -35.474
Sunnadamane 4385.9 49 3005.1 6965.1 4453.31 1040.64 -0.189 -50 1198.00 0.157 0.05 -61.183
Vatagod 6220.6 49 2177.94 8966.1 5622.54 1326.57 -0.106 -28 1406.67 0.472 0.05 -83.559
Yadur 5472 49 4640 10200.1 6320.26 1419.96 -0.106 -28 1066.67 0.408 0.05 -64.881
Mathiga 4509.2 49 3003.7 7547.3 4484.89 1228.52 -0.152 -40 1422.67 0.301 0.05 -64.702
Aynuru 1202.1 49 390 1966.6 793.26 279.16 0.220 58 931.33 0.062 0.05 20.751
 Table 4.3b: Rainfall Trend Analysis of post- monsoon in Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope test (1973-2022)

Station Variable Observations Minimum Maximum Mean Std. deviation Kendall's tau S' Var(S') p-value (Two-tailed) alpha Sen's slope
Anandapura 28.4 49 22 441.4 192.6045 101.615 -0.061 -16 850.667 0.607 0.05 -4.291
Aralagodu 72.6 49 0 1581 247.7824 244.267 -0.083 -22 722.000 0.434 0.05 -12.745
Byakodi 165.3 49 0 532.2 188.6265 140.151 -0.087 -23 752.667 0.423 0.05 -1.114
Jog 160.8 49 0 592.9 209.3669 130.453 -0.087 -23 754.667 0.423 0.05 -3.610
Kargal 59.7 49 0 414 157.7512 95.982 -0.068 -18 791.333 0.546 0.05 -5.668
Koralikoppa 88.2 49 0 1303.6 199.2245 199.185 -0.098 -26 951.333 0.418 0.05 -1.69
Kogar 309 49 0 599.9 213.0143 126.593 -0.129 -34 1011.333 0.299 0.05 -9.652
Linganamakki 62.8 49 0 420 192.5351 101.769 0.034 9 833.333 0.782 0.05 0.701
Nagavalli 136 49 0 1323.3 264.709 256.361 0.129 34 764.000 0.233 0.05 7.649
Sagara 94.2 49 47.2 481.2 183.7294 107.742 0.053 14 799.333 0.646 0.05 5.362
Talakalale 32.9 49 0 764.4 202.7763 133.628 0.045 12 793.333 0.696 0.05 0.818
Talaguppa 61.2 49 8.3 569.4 179.2004 115.248 -0.019 -5 638.667 0.874 0.05 2.235
Tagarti 111 49 14.6 1130.7 211.8061 192.089 -0.167 -44 774.667 0.122 0.05 -7.686
Arasal 76 49 0 828 216.9039 158.244 0.098 26 842.000 0.389 0.05 2.671
Ginikal 570.8 49 0 1329.2 368.3531 298.461 -0.348 -92 941.333 0.003 0.05 -23.925
Hosanagar 62 49 39 2810.2 339.9224 521.854 0.068 18 1030.000 0.596 0.05 -0.105
Hulikal 157.8 49 0 912 368.4878 218.699 0.030 8 917.333 0.817 0.05 1.65
Mathikai 201.2 49 0 496 210.3449 134.853 -0.053 -14 580.667 0.590 0.05 5.254
Nagara 79.5 49 0 484.7 197.7367 129.859 0.098 26 642.000 0.324 0.05 8.854
Neralamane 336.7 49 0 518.4 236.381 141.417 -0.118 -31 838.667 0.300 0.05 -12.799
Sunnadamane 123.4 49 0 585 204.1939 127.580 -0.106 -28 1033.333 0.401 0.05 -6.45
Vatagod 175.6 49 0 664 262.8929 138.299 -0.174 -46 696.667 0.088 0.05 -10.757
Yadur 214 49 0 641 271.7898 153.503 -0.167 -44 805.333 0.130 0.05 -8.16125
Mathiga 144.8 49 0 660.1 201.5939 129.988 -0.152 -40 872.000 0.187 0.05 -5.735
Aynuru 83.4 49 17.2 736.6 184.6449 133.107 -0.008 -2 915.333 0.974 0.05 -0.867
 Table 4.3c: Rainfall Trend Analysis of Pre-monsoon in Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope test (1973-2022)
Station Variable Observations Minimum Maximum Mean Std. deviation Kendall's tau S' Var(S') p-value (Two-tailed) alpha Sen's slope
Anandapura 76 49 0 371.6 155.55 93.237 0.182 48 912.00 0.120 0.05 5.515
Aralagodu 91.1 49 0 626.5 86.62 111.299 0.091 24 917.67 0.448 0.05 2.194
Byakodi 78 49 0 401.8 97.67 113.287 0.046 12 1056.00 0.735 0.05 1.468
Jog 73.6 49 0 452.2 96.33 103.516 -0.110 -29 870.00 0.342 0.05 -1.904
Kargal 40.9 49 0 347 78.09 94.749 0 0 1044.67 1.000 0.05 0.658
Koralikoppa 71.1 49 0 358.9 105.23 73.011 0.076 20 970.67 0.542 0.05 3.253
Kogar 28 49 0 513.6 128.45 134.203 0.125 33 848.67 0.272 0.05 1.129
Linganamakki 74.8 49 0 253.2 92.27 68.926 0.080 21 702.00 0.450 0.05 0.950
Nagavalli 27 49 0 718.4 151.48 174.932 0.148 39 1026.00 0.235 0.05 2.042
Sagara 91.4 49 28.6 288.2 125.58 62.131 0.098 26 659.33 0.330 0.05 1.968
Talakalale 63.9 49 0 538 94.56 100.542 -0.121 -32 1032.00 0.335 0.05 -2.046
Talaguppa 108.5 49 0 730.8 106.97 118.188 0.189 50 912.67 0.105 0.05 5.792
Tagarti 65.3 49 0 341 125.01 94.194 0.209 55 938.67 0.078 0.05 7.758
Arasal 10.5 49 0 412.6 156.79 97.199 0.232 61 980.67 0.055 0.05 7.285
Ginikal 296.2 49 0 866.8 109.67 171.753 0.181 41 1170.67 0.242 0.05 0.000
Hosanagar 83 49 5 1479.6 214.61 248.491 0.402 106 1204.67 0.002 0.05 19.946
Hulikal 87.6 49 0 782.6 125.96 212.674 0.402 94 1468.67 0.015 0.05 8.121
Mathikai 47 49 0 449.2 64.74 111.310 0.285 65 986.33 0.042 0.05 0.708
Nagara 112 49 0 466 74.28 115.306 0.229 53 1044.00 0.108 0.05 1.917
Neralamane 66 49 0 593 73.76 142.279 0.213 48 1116.33 0.160 0.05 0.118
Sunnadamane 71 49 0 373.2 64.64 94.747 0.268 61 1223.67 0.086 0.05 4.083
Vatagod 10.2 49 0 442.97 118.74 102.692 0.171 45 1050.00 0.175 0.05 7.043
Yadur 81 49 0 744.6 105.01 164.421 0.344 83 1310.33 0.023 0.05 8.538
Mathiga 81 49 0 292.6 67.92 99.408 0.249 55 1093.00 0.102 0.05 1.133
Aynuru 105 49 0 553.8 139.07 100.660 0.326 86 1027.33 0.008 0.05 10.078
 Table 4.3d Rainfall Trend Analysis of annual rainfall in Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope test (1973-2022)
p-value (Two-
Station Variable Observations Minimum Maximum Mean Std. deviation Kendall's tau S Var(S) tailed) alpha Sen's slope
Anandapura 1347.8 49 1069.2 2533.3 1673.34 366.214 -0.218 -256 13458.667 0.028 0.05 -8.994
Aralagodu 4625.9 49 2534.7 7530.4 4810.66 1157.158 -0.170 -200 13458.667 0.086 0.05 -23.964
Byakodi 4261.4 49 26 8180 4365.76 1260.865 -0.117 -138 13458.667 0.238 0.05 -12.671
Jog 6710.1 49 3095.1 9596.5 5379.93 1465.251 -0.250 -294 13458.667 0.012 0.05 -34.831
Kargal 3271.2 49 2639.1 6595.8 4131.31 875.040 -0.056 -66 13458.667 0.575 0.05 -5.340
Koralikoppa 1428.3 49 778.3 2653 1551.44 421.510 -0.027 -32 13458.667 0.789 0.05 -0.837
Kogar 5981 49 4138.25 8764 6314.66 1027.441 -0.155 -182 13458.667 0.119 0.05 -18.958
Linganamakki 3522.5 49 2357.82 5032.1 3613.40 656.015 -0.054 -64 13458.667 0.587 0.05 -4.023
Nagavalli 2712.1 49 2837.4 15956.7 5505.59 1906.508 0.082 96 13458.667 0.413 0.05 12.585
Sagara 2068.8 49 993 5545.8 2103.53 734.823 -0.017 -20 13458.667 0.870 0.05 -1.165
Talakalale 4144.7 49 2699.3 5808.6 4177.22 721.339 -0.053 -62 13458.667 0.599 0.05 -4.700
Talaguppa 2292.4 49 1653.4 6634.2 2758.50 828.111 0.175 206 13458.667 0.077 0.05 11.402
Tagarti 1539.7 49 866.3 4691.4 1859.33 860.011 -0.131 -154 13458.667 0.187 0.05 -7.496
Arasal 1334.5 49 780.4 7862.6 1933.15 1061.533 0.078 92 13458.667 0.433 0.05 3.955
Ginikal 6881.6 49 3098.6 11634 6500.19 3093.629 -0.100 -118 13458.667 0.313 0.05 -26.447
Hosanagar 2666.7 49 1607.5 10839.8 3448.80 1691.980 0.417 490 13458.667 0.211 0.05 48.034
Hulikal 7523.8 49 5698.7 12403.4 8387.98 1676.335 -0.194 -228 13458.667 0.050 0.05 -33.345
Mathikai 3965.2 49 3058 18193 5107.50 2170.566 -0.032 -38 13458.667 0.750 0.05 -2.320
Nagara 4423 49 3083 7792.4 4986.43 1021.575 -0.044 -52 13458.667 0.660 0.05 -4.007
Neralamane 4915 49 3956.8 9127 6168.44 1135.169 0.031 36 13458.667 0.763 0.05 4.133
Sunnadamane 4580.3 49 3152.4 7353.3 4722.14 1067.231 -0.167 -196 13458.667 0.093 0.05 -18.778
Vatagod 6406.4 49 2478.52 9267.9 6004.17 1303.422 -0.102 -120 13458.667 0.305 0.05 -18.055
Yadur 5767 49 4794.6 10841.1 6697.06 1453.338 -0.074 -87 13457.667 0.458 0.05 -10.979
Mathiga 4735 49 3182.1 7877.9 4754.41 1278.607 -0.116 -136 13458.667 0.245 0.05 -13.052
Aynuru 1390.5 49 590 2689.2 1116.97 395.524 0.294 346 13458.667 0.003 0.05 10.852
 Table 4.5a List of groundwater level observatory wells

Bore well depth in

Groundwater Contour Map: Serial no. Longitude Latitude Village meters
1 75.07 13.92 Hosanagara 15.4
Groundwater contour map for the 2 75.04 13.82 Nagara 8.3
3 75.26 13.99 Rippenpete 64
Sharavathi river basin in Shivamogga 4 75.26 13.86 Humcha 93
5 75.21 13.96 Kotetarige 15.1
District, prepared based on bore well 6 75.15 14.02 Alageremandri 12.4
7 75.03 14.17 Sagara 13.1
information collected by Department of 8 74.81 14.19 Kargal 3.65
9 75.21 14.08 Anandapura 12.4
Mines and Geology, Shivamogga plotted 10 75.01 14.16 Avinahalli 40
11 75.11 14.14 Ullur 11.55
in GIS mode using software Arc GIS 10.4. 12 75.02 14.22 Keladi 11.9
13 74.94 14.20 Alahalli 56
Groundwater level in the observatory well 14 74.91 14.24 Talaguppa 15.8
15 75.22 14.14 Gowtamapura 14.5
is prepared on the seasonal and annual 16 74.98 14.27 Hirenallur 75
17 74.99 14.14 Sharadapura 14.15
18 75.17 14.19 Tyagarthi 14.75
basis. 19 75.10 14.17 Bommathi 13.78
Table 4.5b: Groundwater level of observatory wells in monsoon (2006-2015)
Seria Averag
l no. Village 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 e

1 Hosanagara 7.02 4.37 6.40 6.73 7.24 8.05 7.54 7.54 9.84 7.98 7.27

2 Nagara 2.04 1.51 2.89 3.28 2.01 1.46 3.64 2.73 1.25 6.06 2.69

3 Rippenpete 5.22 4.25 5.25 5.33 4.55 4.95 7.48 5.06 6.19 6.83 5.51

4 Humcha 4.41 4.46 5.44 5.22 5.15 4.76 7.60 4.54 5.04 6.79 5.34

5 Kotetarige 5.21 5.06 6.65 5.44 6.75 5.94 9.39 6.97 9.29 5.46 6.62

6 Alageremandri 4.60 4.49 6.26 6.32 6.48 4.58 8.41 4.78 8.25 5.18 5.93

7 Sagara 6.11 6.38 5.67 7.19 6.73 6.13 7.74 4.96 4.07 7.73 6.27

8 Kargal 0.46 0.69 0.40 0.60 0.72 0.51 0.84 0.26 0.47 1.27 0.62

9 Anandapura 4.08 3.13 3.16 3.92 4.56 3.94 5.69 3.13 3.71 5.96 4.13

10 Avinahalli 11.41 12.85 12.27 12.63 13.46 12.44 13.41 10.50 12.57 12.53 12.41

11 Ullur 6.80 7.00 5.20 6.49 6.81 6.63 8.55 5.69 4.80 2.99 6.09

12 Keladi 4.40 4.44 4.34 4.95 5.31 4.81 5.59 3.84 3.96 5.53 4.72

13 Alahalli 5.77 4.22 4.35 4.35 5.15 4.83 5.60 4.75 5.35 7.19 5.16

14 Talaguppa 9.04 8.69 7.36 8.82 8.74 7.81 9.67 7.00 6.33 5.34 7.88

15 Gowtamapura 6.21 4.65 5.92 5.82 7.31 6.52 7.39 4.89 4.38 4.43 5.75

16 Hirenallur 7.34 6.11 6.17 6.89 7.71 6.97 8.24 6.01 4.55 9.14 6.91

17 Sharadapura 10.09 10.37 10.90 9.85 10.51 9.75 11.38 7.30 10.87 10.48 10.15

18 Tyagarthi 2.35 0.92 2.00 2.49 3.83 3.41 4.01 1.43 1.76 2.51 2.47
Fig 4.5a: Average Groundwater Contour Map Of Study Area
19 Bommathi 6.25 5.50 7.00 7.32 8.08 7.13 7.65 5.53 8.24 9.97 7.27 (Monsoon:2006-2015)
Fig 4.5b: Groundwater Contour Maps Of Study Area
(Monsoon:2006-2015)
Table 4.5c:Groundwater level of observatory wells in post- monsoon (2006-2015)
Seria
l no. Village 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Average

1 Hosanagara 9.87 9.88 8.89 10.24 10.61 11.06 11.31 11.72 11.90 9.92 10.54

2 Nagara 5.41 4.55 5.27 7.54 7.37 6.14 5.79 6.29 6.20 3.76 5.83

3 Rippenpete 10.96 9.64 8.45 11.28 10.00 8.66 9.79 10.36 9.71 7.80 9.67

4 Humcha 9.48 9.56 8.46 10.35 9.45 9.06 9.71 10.31 9.33 7.50 9.32

5 Kotetarige 10.69 11.44 9.25 10.67 9.72 9.30 9.77 11.01 9.90 6.78 9.85

6 Alageremandri 9.96 9.36 8.08 10.81 10.00 9.41 9.89 9.94 8.93 5.69 9.21

7 Sagara 10.95 10.20 9.01 10.45 10.37 8.53 9.52 9.68 9.65 8.50 9.69

8 Kargal 1.47 1.43 1.21 1.48 1.04 1.36 1.21 1.20 1.15 2.13 1.37

9 Anandapura 8.51 9.76 6.09 8.57 6.20 6.19 6.60 8.00 7.45 7.01 7.44

10 Avinahalli 13.95 14.46 13.41 14.90 13.91 15.03 14.28 14.50 14.45 13.14 14.20

11 Ullur 8.74 8.90 8.11 8.86 8.23 8.84 8.85 9.71 9.35 4.09 8.37

12 Keladi 6.13 6.28 5.99 6.16 6.03 5.98 6.24 6.40 7.10 6.77 6.31

13 Alahalli 7.51 7.99 6.40 6.40 6.96 8.64 10.44 11.78 14.75 7.06 8.79

14 Talaguppa 12.72 12.53 11.80 12.50 11.46 12.35 12.48 12.24 12.41 5.99 11.65

15 Gowtamapura 8.89 9.37 7.91 8.46 8.25 7.56 8.77 9.11 8.74 5.62 8.27

16 Hirenallur 9.84 9.20 8.59 10.57 9.24 10.36 10.47 11.04 10.26 9.53 9.91

17 Sharadapura 12.37 12.33 12.61 12.99 12.36 11.35 12.59 12.90 12.64 10.96 12.31

18 Tyagarthi 7.64 8.31 5.76 7.86 6.91 6.82 6.44 7.70 6.27 2.91 6.66
Fig 4.5c: Average Groundwater Contour Map Of Study Area (Post-
19 Bommathi 8.75 10.17 9.20 11.29 9.49 10.74 12.69 11.49 10.89 10.13 10.48 Monsoon:2006-2015)
Fig 4.5d: Groundwater Contour Maps Of Study Area
(Post-Monsoon:2006-2015)
Table 4.5d: Groundwater level of observatory wells in pre- monsoon (2006-2015)
Seria
l no. Village 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Average

1 Hosanagara 8.36 7.12 8.32 7.97 7.80 9.17 8.94 9.01 9.26 7.98 8.39

2 Nagara 2.71 2.43 4.35 4.22 3.94 4.81 3.82 4.13 1.98 5.56 3.79

3 Rippenpete 6.93 6.21 7.59 7.19 6.05 6.56 7.49 7.34 6.40 8.01 6.98

4 Humcha 6.77 6.01 7.03 6.32 6.15 6.56 7.42 7.27 6.56 7.87 6.80

5 Kotetarige 8.09 6.69 7.48 6.68 5.93 7.39 8.19 7.69 5.96 6.65 7.08

6 Alageremandri 6.53 5.22 7.41 6.50 6.12 6.30 7.43 6.62 5.61 6.16 6.39

7 Sagara 8.10 7.94 8.36 8.01 7.86 7.68 9.36 7.61 7.56 8.16 8.07

8 Kargal 0.75 0.95 0.81 0.81 0.63 0.81 1.09 0.76 1.28 2.03 0.99

9 Anandapura 5.76 5.63 5.68 5.80 4.65 5.55 5.52 5.55 5.64 6.57 5.63

10 Avinahalli 13.04 12.74 13.46 12.85 12.29 12.92 13.48 12.89 12.29 14.02 13.00

11 Ullur 7.55 7.79 7.46 7.42 7.11 7.42 6.90 8.43 4.52 5.48 7.01

12 Keladi 5.79 5.69 5.72 5.71 4.85 5.37 5.71 5.34 5.76 6.19 5.61

13 Alahalli 5.74 5.65 6.16 6.16 5.54 6.91 7.38 6.93 6.48 9.88 6.68

14 Talaguppa 10.12 10.17 10.34 8.97 9.91 9.64 9.95 10.10 6.42 6.85 9.25

15 Gowtamapura 7.82 7.98 7.67 7.56 7.29 7.79 7.57 7.40 5.18 5.27 7.15

16 Hirenallur 7.96 7.14 8.08 8.79 7.54 8.46 8.75 8.61 8.18 10.16 8.37

17 Sharadapura 10.34 10.45 10.47 10.57 9.97 10.09 10.36 10.36 10.36 10.92 10.39

18 Tyagarthi 4.69 4.77 4.76 5.80 3.91 5.43 4.77 4.33 2.41 3.38 4.43
Fig 4.5e: Average Groundwater Contour Map Of Study Area (Post-
19 Bommathi 7.15 7.35 7.89 7.51 7.12 7.97 10.13 8.73 9.16 11.10 8.41 Monsoon:2006-2015)
Fig 4.5f Groundwater Contour Maps Of Study Area
(Pre-Monsoon:2006-2015)
Table 4.5e: Average Groundwater level of observatory wells (2006-2015)

Serial
no. Village 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Average

1 Hosanagara 8.43 7.12 7.87 8.31 8.55 9.43 9.92 9.34 10.33 8.63 8.79

2 Nagara 3.39 2.83 4.17 5.01 4.44 4.14 4.42 4.38 3.14 5.13 4.10

3 Rippenpete 7.70 6.70 7.10 7.93 6.87 6.72 8.25 7.59 7.61 7.55 7.40

4 Humcha 6.88 6.68 6.98 7.30 6.92 6.80 8.25 7.37 6.98 7.39 7.15

5 Kotetarige 7.99 7.73 7.79 7.60 7.47 7.54 9.12 8.56 8.38 6.30 7.85
Alagereman
6 dri 7.03 6.36 7.25 7.88 7.53 6.76 8.57 7.11 7.60 5.67 7.18

7 Sagara 8.39 8.17 7.68 8.55 8.32 7.44 8.87 7.42 7.10 8.13 8.01

8 Kargal 0.89 1.02 0.81 0.96 0.80 0.90 1.05 0.74 0.97 1.81 0.99

9 Anandapura 6.12 6.18 4.98 6.10 5.14 5.22 5.94 5.56 5.60 6.51 5.73

10 Avinahalli 12.80 13.35 13.05 13.46 13.22 13.46 13.72 12.63 13.10 13.23 13.20

11 Ullur 7.70 7.90 6.92 7.59 7.38 7.63 8.10 7.94 6.22 2.65 7.00

12 Keladi 5.44 5.47 5.35 5.61 5.40 5.39 5.84 5.19 5.61 6.16 5.55

13 Alahalli 6.34 5.95 5.64 5.64 5.88 6.79 7.81 7.82 8.86 8.04 6.88

14 Talaguppa 10.62 10.46 9.83 10.10 10.04 9.93 10.70 9.78 8.39 6.06 9.59
Gowtamapur
15 a 7.64 7.33 7.17 7.28 7.62 7.29 7.91 7.13 6.10 5.11 7.06

16 Hirenallur 8.38 7.48 7.62 8.75 8.16 8.60 9.15 8.55 7.66 9.61 8.40

17 Sharadapura 10.93 11.05 11.33 11.14 10.95 10.40 11.44 10.19 11.29 10.79 10.95
Fig 4.5g: Average Groundwater Contour Map Of Study Area
18 Tyagarthi 4.89 4.67 4.17 5.38 4.88 5.22 5.07 4.48 3.48 2.93 4.52
(Annual)
19 Bommathi 7.38 7.67 8.03 8.71 8.23 8.61 10.15 8.58 9.43 10.40 8.72
Fig 4.5h: Groundwater Contour Maps Of Study Area (Annual)
Water Spread Area Estimation

Water spread area in the surface

water bodies is estimated before and
after the monsoon using the Arc GIS
10.4 from 2013 to 2023, by calculating
NDWI (Normalized Difference Water
Index), MNDWI (Modified Normalized
Difference Water Index) and WRI
(Water Ratio Index) to compare the
water spread area changes before and
after monsoon.
Fig 4.6a Surface water body map of study area
Fig 4.6b NDWI Maps of Study Area Before Monsoon Fig 4.6c NDWI Maps of Study Area After Monsoon
From 2014 To 2023 From 2013 To 2022
Fig4.6d: MNDWI Maps of Study Area Before Monsoon Fig 4.6e: MNDWI Maps of Study Area After Monsoon
From 2014 To 2023 From 2013 To 2022
Fig 4.6f WRI Maps of Study Area Before Monsoon Fig 4.6g WRI Maps of Study Area After Monsoon
From 2014 To 2023 From 2013 To 2022
 Table 4.6a: Water Spread Area of The Reservoir Table 4.6b : Water Spread Area of Other Surface Water Bodies

Water spread area by NDWI in Sq Water spread area by MNDWI in Sq Water spread area by NDWI in Sq Water spread area by MNDWI in Sq
Km. Km. Km. Km.

years Before Monsoon Ater Monsoon Before monsoon Ater Monsoon years Before Monsoon Ater Monsoon Before monsoon Ater Monsoon

2013 - 238.78 - 284.428 2013 - 6.964 - 12.44

2014 150.039 161.85 147.373 232.951 2014 0.218 0.585 0.33 5.997

2015 186.903 174.054 187.823 175.529 2015 0.432 0.231 1.173 0.648

2016 126.293 175.269 126.56 176.746 2016 0.079 0.243 0.202 0.501

2017 103.259 88.051 105.364 194.418 2017 0.045 0.012 0.112 2.419

2018 72.85 190.434 89.762 226.241 2018 0.023 0.703 0.107 4.608

2019 169.936 233.933 167.175 253.869 2019 0.35 6.929 0.558 15.674

2020 182.974 227.772 183.936 239.225 2020 0.404 4.122 0.624 8.032

2021 184.697 225.133 192.012 239.216 2021 0.25 3.855 0.851 8.27

2022 96.68 202.752 141.425 235.601 2022 0.009 1.383 0.282 7.131

2023 76.903 - 77.191 - 2023 0.094 - 0.293 -

Fig 4.6h Water Spread Area Maps of study area by NDWI Fig 4.6i Water Spread Area Maps of study area by MNDWI
before monsoon from 2014 to 2023 before monsoon from 2014 to 2023
Fig 4.6j Water Spread Area Maps of study area by NDWI Fig 4.6k Water Spread Area Maps of study area by MNDWI
After monsoon from 2013 to 2022 After monsoon from 2013 to 2022
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

In the present study, the spatial distribution of rainfall pattern and rainfall trend pattern was investigated,
over a period of 50 years, with rainfall data from 25 rain gauge stations of Sharavathi river basin in Shivamogga
district. The arithmetic method was adopted for the study, to arrange rainfall data continuously and resolved the
missing values of the data series. The IDW and isohyet methods were applied for the purpose of identification
of the spatial rainfall pattern of the basin. The MK and Sen’s slope test indicated significant observation of
positive and negative trends over the study area.

 The analysis revealed that annual average highest average rainfall is 7319.681 mm and lowest average
rainfall is 2173.457 mm.
 The MK and Sen’s slope test Statistic (S) indicates that the Monsoon rainfall shows positive trend in all rain
gauge stations.
 The trend analysis revealed that in post-monsoon Ginikal rain gauge station shows negative trend and all
other stations shows positive trend.
 The trend analysis revealed that in pre-monsoon Hosanagar, Hulikal, Mathikai, Yadur and Aynuru shows
negative trend.
 The trend analysis revealed that in the annual rainfall Anandapura, Jog and Aynuru rain gauge stations
shows negative trend.

Also, study includes the impact of rainfall variability and trend on groundwater level on seasonal basis.
This analysis of rainfall data and groundwater data could be used by agricultural managers to improve the
groundwater management practices, effectively and sustainably in the study area.

From the Current Study it is evident that there are considerable changes in water spread area of the
reservoir and other surface water bodies of the study area due to the impact of rainfall variability and trend.
Hence there is increase and decrease in the water spread area of reservoir and other water bodies for the
period of 2013 to 2023. It helps to proper management of the natural surface water resources in the proper
 REFERENCES

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Dash, S. K., Jenamani, R. K., Kalsi, S. R. and Panda, S. K., (2007) Some evidence of climate change in twentieth-
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Douglas, E. M., Vogel, R. M. and Knoll, C. N., (2000) Trends in flood and low flows in the United States: impact of
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Field Photograph Showing Linganamakki Reservoir Back Water Field Photograph Showing Pataguppa Bridge Near Hosanagara
Storage Near Sigandhooru. Sagara Taluk, Shivamogga District. Taluk. Shivamogga District.
Lat 14° 04'05.84"N Long74°53' 45.47"E Lat13°59'52.81"N Long75°02'02.04"E

Field Photograph Showing the Sharavathi River Flowing Field Photograph Showing Paddy Field Near Talaguppa, Sagara Taluk,
Near Jog Falls, Sagara Taluk, Shivamogga District. Shivamogga District.
Lat 14°13'21.13"N Long74°49'31.21"E Lat 14°12'22.73"Nlong74°54'40.45"E
THANK YOU…..