Mathematical
Languag &
e Symbols
Language
• It is the reason why people can
communicate and express
themselves.
• Spoken
• Sign
• Symbols
Mathematical Language
• Is a system in the field of mathematics
to communicate mathematical ideas,
concepts, and theories among others.
• It is distinct and unique from the usual
language that people are used to.
• Used to communicate abstract and
logical ideas.
3 Characteristics of
Mathematical Language
• Precise
• Concise
• Powerful
3 Characteristics of Mathematical Language
Precise
• Mathematical language can make very
fine distinctions of things.
3 =
33
• Means “accurate or exact”
73 Seven hundred
0 thirty
Degrees (°)
Angle Measurement Temperature Bearing
Mathematical Symbols
• Used to refer to certain
quantities, concepts, ideas,
and others.
Common Mathematical Symbols
• Digits : 0, 1, 2…, 9
• Basic Operation: +, -, x, ÷
• Sets: ∪, ∩, ⊂, ⊆
• Variables: a, b, c, …, x, y, z
• Special Symbols: =, <, >, ≠, π, …
3 Characteristics of Mathematical Language
Concis
e
• Mathematical language can say or
write things briefly.
• We can convert mathematical
language into expression or equation.
2 +
Ex. The sum of 2 and a number
x
Five times a number 5
x
3 Characteristics of Mathematical Language
Powerful
• Mathematical language is a powerful
tool because it can express in complex
thoughts with relative ease.
Formula
Work 𝑊 =𝐹𝑑
Mathematical EXPRESSION
Vs.
Mathematical SENTENCE
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
• A mathematical expression is a
mathematical analogue of an English
noun.
• It DOES NOT state a complete thought
• The most common expressions are
numbers, variables, sets, and
functions.
Examples. 5 8x y-3
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
• A mathematical expression is a
mathematical analogue of an English
sentence.
• It state a complete thought.
Examples. 1 + 6 = 7 8x = 16 X–3>2
• It always used relation symbols such as
=, ≠, >, <, ≥, ≤.
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
• Mathematical sentences have verbs.
• In 6 + 7 = 7, jthe verb is equal “=“.
• A mathematical sentence can
1. Always TRUE
2. Always False
3. Sometimes True/Sometimes False
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
1+6=7 True
Sentences
1+6=8 False
Sentence
x+2=5 Sometimes True/
Sometimes false
True if x = 3 and false otherwise
Introduction to
Logic:
Proposition and
Truth Values
What is Logic?
• A reasoning conducted or assessed
according to strict principles of validity.
• It refers to the science that studies the
principles of correct reasoning.
Exampl
e:
All dogs have a good sense of smell. Volt
is a dog. Therefore, logic tells you that
Volt has a good sense of smell.
All squares are rectangles. All rectangles
have four sides. Logic, therefore, tells
you that all squares have four sides.
Mathematical logic
explores the application
of formal logic to
mathematics.
An axiom or postulate is a
statement that is taken to be true, to
serve as a premise or starting point
for further reasoning and arguments
Example: False is the opposite of
True.
A statement is something that you
say or write to express an opinion or
fact.
Exampl
es:
• Northern Christian College is in
Ilocos Norte
• Bill Gates is the CEO of Apple Inc.
• Today is August 10, 2025.
• You are listening to my class.
A proposition (or statement) is a
declarative statement which is true or
false, but
Younot
areboth.
listening to my
Example:class.
• An apple is a fruit.
• 1+2 = 2
• The Philippines is in
Southeast Asia.
• BSN is a Program in NCC
The following are NOT proposition
• How do you do?
• 3+5
• Look out!
• x+1 = 5
Truth value is the attribute assigned
to a proposition in respect of its truth
or falsehood, which is classical logic
has only two possible values (true or
false).
True is denoted by T or 1
False is denoted by F or 0
The following are
propositon
• An apple is a fruit.
T
• 1+2 = 2 F
• The Philippines is in T
Southeast Asia. T
• BSN is a Program in NCC
Determine whether the statement is a
proposition or not. If it’s a proposition,
state true value.
1. Turn off the lights.
Not a
proposition
2. x is greater thanNot
7. a
proposition
3. x + 2 = 2x, when False
x =-2
4. Are you okay?Not a
proposition
Introduction to
Logic:
Logical operators
The area of logic that deals with
propositions is called the
propositional calculus or
propositional logic.
We used letters to denote propositional
variables (or statement variables), like
p, q, r, s, …
Example:
Let p = Spiderman is a Marvel Comics
superhero.
q = Stan Lee is the creator of the
spiderman character.
Compound propositions are formed
from existing propositions using
Logical operators.
Negation: Symbol
Translation
¬p not p
Let p = Green is a color,
so ¬p = Green is not a color.
Conjunction: Symbol
Translation
p^q p and q;
p although
q;
p still q;
p also q;
Let p = BSN students are excellent.
q = BSN students are virtuous.
1. p^q BSN students are excellent and virtuous
2. ¬p^qBSN students are not excellent yet
virtuous
3. p^¬qBSN students are excellent but not
virtuous
4. ¬p^¬qBSN students are not excellent and not
virtuous
Disjunction: Symbol
Translation
Let p = 2 is p∨q p or q;
prime p unless q;
q = 2 is
2 is prime or 2 is
1. p∨q
even
2. ¬p∨q 2 is not prime or 2 is
even.
3. p∨¬q even.
2 is prime or 2 is not
2 is not prime nor 2 is not
4. ¬p∨¬qeven.
even.
Conditional:
Symbol Translation
p→q if p then q;
p implies q;
if p, q;
p only, if q;
p is sufficient for q
Let p = I buy a smartphone.
Note: If statement =
q = I get a free sim card. then statement =
hypothesis
conclusion
a. If I buy a smartphone, then I get a free sim card
p→q
b. If I buy a smartphone, then I don’t get a
free sim card p→¬q
c. If I don’t buy a smartphone, then I get a free
sim card ¬p→q
d. If I don’t buy a smartphone, then I don’t get a
free sim card ¬p→¬q
Biconditional:
Symbol Translation
p↔q p if only if q;
p is equivalent to q;
p is a necessary and
sufficient condition for q
Let p = Paul is a singer.
q = Paul knows how to sing.
So p↔q mean,
Paul is a singer if and only if he knows
how to sing.
Precedence of
Logic
Examp
le
p = “Aling Bebang only goes
out with girls.”
q = “Aling Bebang goes with
Pepay
So p^q →r means:
r = “Pepay is a girl.”
“If Aling Bebang only goes out with
girls and goes with Pepay, then
Pepay is a girl.”
Example
p = You can access the Internet from the
office
q = You have a smartphone
r Translate
= You have“Youa can
laptop
access the internet from
the office only if you have a smartphone or
a Laptop.” to a logical expression.
p→ (q ∨ r)
Example
p = You can drive a car
q = You have a driver’s license
r = You are below 18
Translate “You cannot drive a car if yo don’t
have a driver’s license and you are below
18 years old.” to a logical expression.
(¬q ^ r) → ¬p
Converse,
inverse and
contrapositive
statements
Conditional
Statement“if p, then q” or “p → q”
Converse
Statement
By switching the proposition of the hypothesis
and conclusion, then we can form a converse
statement. “if q, then p” or “q → p”
Inverse
By negating
Statement the hypothesis and conclusion of
the conditional statement, then we can form
an inverse statement.
“if not p, then not q” or “¬p →¬q”
Contrapositive
By negating
Statement a converse statements, then we
can form a contrapositive statement.
“if not p, then not q” or “¬p
→¬q”
Given the conditional statement, identify the hypothesis
and conclusion. Then convert the conditional statement
into converse, inverse and contrapositive
Conditional statement: If the number is even, then it
is divisible by 2 p →q
Hypothesis (p) = The number is even.
Conclusion (q) = It is divisible by 2.
Converse If it is divisible by 2, then the number is
q→p
Statement: even.
Inverse If the number is not even, then it is not divisib
¬p→¬
Statement:
Contrapositive
q If it is not divisible by 2, then the number is
Statement:
not even.
¬q→¬
p
Given the conditional statement, identify the hypothesis and
conclusion. Then convert the conditional statement into
converse, inverse and contrapositive
Conditional statement: If the Nursing student review the
p pass
materials, then they will →q the exam.
Hypothesis (p) = The nursing students review
the material.
Conclusion
Converse (q) =IfTheythey will
passpass
the the exam.
exam, then the Nursing
q→p
Statement: students review the material.
Inverse If the Nursing students do not review the
¬p→¬q
Statement: material, then they will fail the exam
Contrapositive If they failed the exam, then the Nursing
Statement: students did not review the material.
¬q→¬
p
Assignment
No Assignment
Thank you!