Fundamental Concepts of

Statistics
About the Module

This
aboutmodule was designed
Fundamental and written
Concepts with you The
of Statistics. in mind.
scopeIt of
is here to help permits
this module you master
it to

be usedvocabulary
diverse in many different learning situations.
level of students. The lessonsThe
arelanguage
arranged used recognizes
to follow the
the standard

sequence
correspondofwith
thethe
course. But the
textbook you order in which
are now using. you read them can be changed to

This module has only one lesson, namely:

Lesson 1 – Basic Concept of Statistics

After going through this module, you are expected to:

•
• define Statistics
pose real-life and thethat
problems different
can beterms and
solved byconcepts associated with it;
Statistics;

•
• formulate simple
support the statistical
importance instruments;
of Statistics and
in everyday life.

ii
 What I Know (Pre-
Test)
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. Is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization,

presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data to convert them into

usable forms.
A. Algebra C. Trigonometry

B. Geometry D. Statistics
2. A statistical process that includes the drawing out generalizations and
conclusions based on the data collected, presented, and analyzed.
A. Collection C. Analysis
B. Organization & Presentation D. Interpretation
3. Which of the statistical processes that refers to the grouping or classifying
the collected data according to their characteristics and summarizing them
by the use of various formats – textual, graphical, and tabular forms?
A. Collection C. Analysis
B. Organization & Presentation D. Interpretation

4. The type of statistics whose goal is to make predictions, inferences, and

generalizations about a population by studying the set of data taken from its

representative sample is called _______.

I. descriptive statistics
II. inferential statistics
A. I only C. I and II
B. II only D. none of the above
5. It refers to the totality of observations or elements being described or
studied.
A. data C. sample
B. population D. variable

6. Which of the following refers to the categorical or numerical information

gathered from the population or the sample?
A.
B. constant
data C.
D. parameter
variable

7. Is a kind of variable that can be changed or controlled in a given experiment

or situation. This variable is also known as causal variable.

dependent I.
variable
II.
independent variable
A.
B. IIIonly
only C.
D. Inone
and IIof the above

8. Hair color is an example of a _______.

I. qualitative data

A. I only II. quantitative data

C. I and II

B. II only D. none of the above

1
 9. Which of the following is the correct order of the statistical processes?
A. collection, organization and presentation, analysis, interpretation B.
analysis, organization and presentation, collection, interpretation C.
interpretation, organization and presentation, analysis, collection D.
organization and presentation, analysis, interpretation, collection

10. Is a type of research variable that is known as “the effect variables”.

I. independent variable

A. I only II. dependent variable

C. I and II

B. II only D. none of the above

11. The following are examples of quantitative data, EXCEPT ______.

A. weight of freshmen C. examination scores

B. cellphone number D. average grade

For items 12 – 13, refer to the situation below.

Mark
is 150interviewed
cm. 50 out of 200 students and noted that their average height

12. The sample size of the study is ______.

A. 50 C. 200

B. 150 D. 400

13. The parameter of the study is ______.

A. 50 C. 200

B. 150 D. 400

For items 14 – 15, refer to the research question below.

Do people that use cellphone while driving have more automobile accidents?

14. What is the dependent variable?

A. people driving

B.
C. use of cellphone
number while driving
of auto accidents involved in

D. can’t determine
15. The situation above is an example of a ______.
I. quantitative data
II. qualitative data
A. I only C. I and II
B. II only D. none of the above

2
 Lesson Basic Concept 2of
1 2
Statistics

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o define statistics and other statistical terminologies;
o order the statistical process;
o differentiate
▪ descriptive and inferential statistics
independent and dependent variables
▪ quantitative and qualitative data; and
▪
o appraise the importance of Statistics in daily life.

What’s In

The term statistics came from the Latin word

status meaning “political state” or “government”.
Statistics was originally used in order to carry out some
functions of the government.
In ancient times, even the bible reflects in the
time of Moses and David that statistics is used by rulers.
Clipart 1

What’s New

Image 1 Clipart 2

As a Filipino citizen, how do you feel about the

Philippines? 3
 What Is It

What is Statistics?

is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,

organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
to convert them into usable forms.

In your everyday life as a student, you are faced with a lot of

numerical and categorical information. Some examples are:
▪ your scores in math quizzes
▪ the ages of your classmates
▪ the religious affiliations of your classmates
▪ the cost of a meal in the school canteen
▪ the number of boys and girls in your
classroom

You
suchalso
as: encounter similar information outside of the school
▪ number of patients in the hospital
▪ the civil status of your relatives
Clipart 3 ▪ the monthly income of your family
▪ the number of covid19 cases in the
Philippines

Mathematically speaking,
information are called these
data. numerical
Most and categorical
data provide reports that may

guide future decisions.

Raw data and

processed, are useless unless
converted into transmitted,
usable forms.

The Statistical
Statistics is a process that involves a series of mainly four steps namely:
Process
collection, organization and presentation, analysis, and interpretation.

1. Collection refers to the gathering of information or data through different

means such as observation, interview, testing, etc.
2. Organization
classifying and Presentation
the collected refers
data according to the
to their process of grouping
characteristics and or

summarizing
tabular [Link] by the use of various formats – textual, graphical, and

3. Analysis involves the description of the data collected and organized

through the use of some statistical methods and treatment.

4. Interpretation includes the process of drawing out generalizations and

conclusions based on the data collected, presented, and analyzed.

4
Importance of
Statistics
Because statistics is involved with data processing, it finds numerous
applications in many different fields including, but not limited to, the following:

1. Politicscarried
processes – Dataout
processing andentities
by political analysissuch
are as
some
theof the

Commission on Elections (COMELEC). For instance, the

COMELEC gathers data that are commonly presented and
analyzed in order to determine the winning candidate/s in an
election.
Clipart 4

2. Government – many branches of local and national

governments use statistics to improve their systems and make
policies. For example, the Department of Health (DOH) usually
gathers information about COVID19. Clipart 5

3.
andEducation – Statistics
analyze test results to are
giveused in schools
grades to conduct
and provide

information for teachers,

developers about administrators,
the quality and
of instruction. curriculum
These data are

not only to assess the quality of education but also to

Clipart 6 improve institutional policies.

4. Science
many andpsychological,
scientific, Research – Statistics alsostudies
and medical play a are
vital role

conducted in order to
drug – for instance thedetermine the effectiveness
effectiveness of a certain
of covid19 vaccines, the

aptitude and
usefulness IQspecific
of a of a group of students,
scientific or the validity and
invention.
Clipart 7

5. Business – In all considerations, business analysts are into

collection and interpretation of data to study sales and
revenue in relation to the cost of production, which can predict
business trends and give further directions for the company.
Furthermore, a feasibility study is usually conducted by
business managers in order to determine the
Clipart 8 practicality of a proposed business plan.

6. Entertainment
Media – Media
and AGB Nielsen, companies,
gather such as Kantar
data to determine the most

viewed television programs.

Clipart 9

7. Economics and Investments – Statistics can be used to

study supply and demand relationships as well as the prices
of common stocks that will serve as guides for both local
and foreign investors. The Philippine Stock Exchange, for
example, presents graphs that will help investors to decide
Clipart 10
on whether to invest or not at a particular day.

5
Types of Statistics
Statistics have majorly categorized into two types: descriptive and inferential.

Type of Definition Examples

Statistics
1. The average cost of rice is
is a statistical procedure that Php 45 per kilogram. 2. Ten out
of 15 Filipinos prefer pansit over
spaghetti. 3. The population of
aims to provide description the
Descriptive about a set
* Simply, theofcollection,
data.
Philippines as of April 2021 is
110,770,872.
Statistics presentation, and description of
sample data.
1. The vaccine
against [Link] 2.
effective
Group
activities
improved significantly
the academic
is a statistical
goal is to makeprocedure whose
predictions, performance of high school
students.
inferences, and generalizations
about population by studying 3. Jollibeechain
is theinmost
the set of data taken from its fast-food the popular
representative samples.
Philippines.
Inferential
Statistics * Simply,conclusions
making decisions
drawing about and
populations.

Statistical Terminologies
To ensure success in the study of statistics, the following terms must be fully
understood.
1. Population refers to the totality of observations or elements being described
or studied.
▪ Assume that a researcher wants to conduct a research on the

study
numberhabits of high
of high school
school students
students in a
in that [Link]
school, Theare
total
the

subjects of the study, represents the population.

2. Sample refers to a subset, segment, or representative part of the population.
In most studies, the sample is used instead of the population for feasibility
purposes.
▪ It might be very impossible to study the whole contents of water

in the swimming
sample pool tofrom
drops of water knowthe
its pool
chlorine content.
will be Instead,
considered for the

study.
3. Parameter refers to the numerical value that provides description to the
population.
▪ If Php 45 is the average cost of rice per kilogram in the

Philippines, then Php 45 is called the parameter.

4. Statistic (not statistics) refers to a numerical value that describes a
characteristic of the sample.
▪ If the average score of grade 7 students obtained from a sample
of 50 out of 210 students is 93, then 93 is the sample statistic.

6
5. Data refers to the collection of information gathered from the population of
the sample. These may be categorical or numerical.
a. Qualitative Data – describes and categorizes the elements of the
population or sample being studied.
Some Examples: gender, color, civil status, and grade levels
b. Quantitative Data – can be obtained by measurement or by other
means such as addition, measuring, averaging, etc.

Some Examples: age, weight, test scores, and temperature

6. Variable refers to the quality or characteristic that differentiates one member

or element of a population (or sample) from the rest of the members.
▪ For instance, in a certain barangay, religion is a variable since

the residents have different religious affiliations.

a. Independent Variables – are those that can be
changed or controlled in a given experiment or The
CAUSE
situation.
b. Dependent
resulting Variables
from the – are
change or thosemade
control that change
on
The
EFFECT
independent variable.

For example,

Research Independent Variable

(The Cause) Dependent Variable
(The Effect)
Question
How does phoneaffect
use • The amount of • Number of hours of
before bedtime phone use before sleep
•
sleep? bed Quality of sleep

Do tomatoes
under grow fastest •
fluorescent, The type of plant
the tomato light • The rate
of the of growth
tomato plant
incandescent,
light? or natural is grown under

7. Constant refers to the quality or characteristic that is similar to all members

of the population or sample under study.
▪ For example, in an exclusive school for boys, gender is a constant.

7
 What’s
More
Activity 1: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

A. Choosein
described from
the the box the
following letter with the correct statistical term or concept being
statements.

Inferential
DescriptiveStatistics
Statistics Dependent
IndependentVariable
Variable Collection
Parameter
Qualitative
QuantitativeData
Data Statistics
Statistic Data
Sample

_______1. Is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,

organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data to

_______convert them intoprocedure

2. Is a statistical usable forms.
whose goal is to make predictions,
inferences, and generalization
data taken from about
its representative population by studying the set of
samples.

_______ 3. A classification of variable that is generally considered as the cause.

_______ 4. Refers to the gathering of information or data through different

means such as observation, interview, testing, etc.
_______ 5. Refers to the category of data that describes and categorizes the
elements of the population or sample being studied.
_______ 6. Are variables that change resulting from the change or control made
on an independent variable. A variable that is generally considered as
the effect.
_______ 7. A small group of population.
_______ 8. A numerical value that describes the sample being studied.

_______
_______ 9.
[Link]
Thenumerical
numericalcharacteristic
or categoricalofinformation
the population.
collected from the
subjects under the study.
B. Write 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th for every statistical process according to their
order. _______ Collection of Data
_______ Interpretation _______ Analysis
_______ Organization and Presentation

C. Tell whether the following will make use of descriptive or inferential statistics.
1. A meteorologist predicts the probability of rains after looking at the clouds.
2. The secretary of the Department of Health showed a line graph of covid19
cases
in the Philippines.
3. The doctor reports the platelet count of the patient who has dengue.
4. A volleyball coach predicts the chances of winning the game based on the
previous performance of his players.
5. The school principal presents a bar graph of the school’s enrolment in the past
5 years.

8
D. For every research situation/question, determine which of the following is the
independent variable and the dependent variable. Write IV for independent
variable and DV for dependent variable.

Situation:
employment Yourates.
are interested in whether a higher minimum wage impacts

____
____ 1.
2. minimum wage
employment rate

Question: How well do different plant species tolerate salt water?

_____
_____ 3.
4. Plant growth,ofPlant
The amount wilting,to
salt added Plant survivalwater
the plants’ rate

E. Determine if the following items are Quantitative Data or Qualitative

Data. _____
_____ 1.
2. Number
Number of
of TV setsinowned
books by a library
the school family

_____ 3. Eye color

_____ 4. Taste of a mango
_____
_____ 5.
6. Time spent on travel to school
Gender
_____
_____ 7.
8. Amount ofan
Weight of rainfall
apple
_____
_____ 9.
[Link] of of
Height a perfume
a student

What I Need To
Remember
• Statistics is the process of keeping organized with and making sense
of the unlimited data encountered in everyday life. Thus, it finds
applications in many fields of human activity.
•
The statisticalanalysis,
presentation, process involves the collection,
and interpretation organization
of raw and
data. In general,

this process may be divided into descriptive or inferential statistics.

• Success in the study of statistics entails familiarizing and fully
understanding the key concepts associated with it.
•
Data should
usable [Link] be transmitted, processed, and converted into

9
 What I Can Do

“MAKE IT SIMPLE BUT SIGNIFICANT”

Statistical Instrument: Is any process that aims at describing a
phenomena by using any instrument or device. Examples of these
are questionnaires and surveys.

The following are examples of simple statistical instruments, but not limited to:

Example 1:
Are you satisfied with the national government’s response on covid19?
Please indicate a check mark (✓) on your answer.

_______ _______

Example 2:
1. Which of the following social media do you have an account with? Please
put a check mark (✓).
___ facebook ___ tiktok ___ twitter ___ instagram

2. Are social media platforms helpful for you while coping with the effects of
covid19 pandemic?
____ Yes ____ Maybe ____ No

NOW IT’S YOUR

Instructions: TURN!
Choose one from any of the situations below and then formulate a

simple statistical instrument. You can opt to have a questionnaire or a survey.

1. You want to conduct a survey about students’ perception on distance

learning.

2. You want to know how many of your classmates have gadgets and stable
internet connections for new normal distance learning.

3. You wish to explore your neighbors’ willingness to get vaccinated against

covid19.

1
0
 Assessment (Post
Test)
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. A branch ofanalysis,
presentation, mathematics that deals with
and interpretation ofthe collection,
data to convertorganization,
them into usable forms

is called ______.
A. Statistics C. Geometry

B. Trigonometry D. Algebra
2. A statistical process that refers to the gathering of information or data through
different means such as observation, interview, testing, etc.
A. Collection C. Analysis
B. Organization & Presentation D. Interpretation
3. Which statistical process that involves the description of the data collected and
organized through the use of some statistical methods and treatment?
A. Collection C. Analysis
B. Organization & Presentation D. Interpretation
4. Is a statistical procedure that aims to provide descriptions about a set of data is
called _______.
I. descriptive statistics
II. inferential statistics
A. I only C. I and II
B. II only D. none of the above

5. The categorical or numerical information gathered from the population or the

sample?
A.
B. constant
data C.
D. parameter
variable

6. It refers to the subset, segment, or representative part of the population.

A. data C. sample

B. parameter D. variable
7. The following are examples of quantitative data, EXCEPT _____.
A. age C. temperature
B. grade level D. weight

8. Independent
experiment variables are those that can be changed or controlled in a given
or situation.
A.
B. True
False C.
D. Maybe
all of the above

9. Which of the following is the correct order of the statistical processes?

A. analysis, organization and presentation, collection, interpretation

B.
C. interpretation, organization
collection, organization and and presentation,
presentation, analysis,
analysis, collection
interpretation

D. organization and presentation, analysis, interpretation, collection

1
1
 10. The following are examples of qualitative data, EXCEPT ______.
A. BMI B. leaf C. ID number
color D. gender
11. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Statistics is important in our everyday lives. B. Shoe size is an example of
quantitative data. C. The growth of plant is an example of a dependent
variable. D. The effectiveness of a medicine is an example of a descriptive
statistics.

For items 12 – 13, refer to the situation below.

Mark
is 150interviewed
cm. 50 out of 200 students and noted that their average height

12. The sample statistic of the study is ______.

A. 50 C. 200

B. 150 D. 400

13. The population of the study is ______.

A. 50 C. 200

B. 150 D. 400

14. Which of the following is an example of a descriptive statistics?

I. 6 out of 10 Filipinos trusted President Duterte on covid19

II. response based on PUBLiCUS

The Pfizer-BioNTech Asia
vaccine has a Inc.
veryconducted on March
high efficacy 2021.
according to

[Link].
A. I only C. I and II

B. II only D. all of the above

For item 15, refer to the research question below.

Do people that use cellphone while driving have more automobile accidents?

What is the independent variable?

A.
B. people driving while driving
use of cellphone

C.
D. number of auto accidents involved in
can’t determine

1
2
 3
1
E. 1. Quantitative
Data 2. Quantitative
D. 1. Independent
Data 3. Qualitative
Data 4. Qualitative Variable
Data 5. Quantitative
Data 6. Qualitative 2. Dependent Variable
Data 7. Quantitative
Data 8. Quantitative 3. Dependent Variable 4.
Data 9. Qualitative Independent Variable
Data 10. Quantitative
Data
A. Inferential
2. 1. StatisticsStatistics
C. 1. Inferential B. 1st Collection
Statistics 2. Descriptive Independent Variable
3. Collection
4.
4th Interpretation
Statistics 3. Descriptive 5. Qualitative Data
3rd Analysis 2nd 6. Dependent Variable
Statistics 4. Inferential Organization 7. Sample
and Presentation 8. Statistic
Statistics 5. Deferential
9. Parameter
10. Data
Statistics
Activity 1: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your HONESTY is
Answer Key
Reference
s
Raymond B. Canlapan and John Nico A. Urgena, Practical Math 7
(Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning Systems, Inc., 2018),
298 - 305.
Text Book
Websites
Elliot, Roxanne, “Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data”, GeoPoll, published on
November 17, 2020. Retrieved from [Link]/pszJ7, April 28, 2021.
Frost, Jim, “Difference Between Descriptive and Inferential Statistics”,
Statistics by Jim. Retrieved from [Link]/zEFRS, April 17, 2021.
Parrocha, Azer, “PRRD maintains high approval, trust ratings amid Covid-19
surge”, Philippine News Agency, published on April 8, 2021. Retrieved
from [Link]/ailKY, May 3, 2021.
“Pfizer Vaccine Still Very Effective Against Coronavirus Variant Despite Small
Window of Risk”, Healthline. Retrieved from [Link]/etuA5, May
03, 2021.
“What is Statistics?” , UCI Department of Statistics. Retrieved from
[Link]/rvxEV, April 14, 2021.
“What are Independent Variable and Dependent Variables?”, ThoughtCo.
Retrieved from [Link]/eyBOW ,April 22, 2021.
Images
Image 1: retrieved May 3, 2021, [Link]/dpvC2
Cliparts
Clipart 1: retrieved April 24, 2021, [Link]/oqFK4
Clipart 2: retrieved April 24, 2021, [Link]/jkHYZ
Clipart 3: retrieved April 25, 2021, [Link]/ikyMN
Clipart 4: retrieved April 25, 2021, [Link]/biANS
Clipart 5: retrieved April 28, 2021, [Link]/bjwFG
Clipart 6: retrieved April 28, 2021, [Link]/bsPX3
Clipart 7: retrieved May 1, 2021, [Link]/ftyGJ
Clipart 8: retrieved May 1, 2021, [Link]/dAIW7
Clipart 9: retrieved May 1, 2021, [Link]/mMRWZ
Clipart 10: retrieved May 2, 2021, [Link]/erKX0

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

▪ Name Gradeorand
the Activity Section
Activity [Link] of
▪
▪
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you AND return them at the end of the school
year or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.

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4