BASICS

• What is Instrumentation?
• Basic Terminologies
• Process & its Control
• Field Instruments & its principles
• Valves & its working
 What is Instrumentation?
• Instrumentation is about measurement
and control.

• Instrumentation engineering is the

engineering specialization focused on the
design and configuration of process systems.

• Instruments are devices which are used in

measuring attributes of process systems.
 Basic Terminologies
• Process:
Series of continuous or regularly recurring steps or actions
intended to achieve a predetermined result, as in heat
treating metal, or manufacturing acid.

• Transducer(sensor):
Element which converts one form of Energy to Other form.

• Primary Transducer:
Transducerwhich converts the Process parameter to a form
readable by Secondary Transducer.
Eg: Orifice plate

• Secondary Transducer:
Transducer or transmitter which responds to a measured
variable and converts it to a standardized transmission signal which
is a function only of the measurement.
Eg: DP Transmitter
• Signal:

The signal is the event or phenomenon that conveys data from one
point to another.

• Loop:

A Loop is a combination of one or more interconnected instruments

arranged to measure a process variable. It shall comprises the whole chain
from Primary element to Correcting Element.

• Controller:

A device that operates automatically by use of some established

algorithm to regulate process variable(PV) according to the set point(SV).
The controller input receives information about the status of the process
variable and then provides an appropriate output signal(MV-manipulated
variable) to the final control element(eg-valves etc.,).
•Interlock:
It refers to the set of plant conditions(eg. Level of a tank, temp of furnace,
position of furnace or a valve, flow of a fluid, etc) which are to be satisfied before
operating(starting, stopping, opening ,closing ,etc)of any instrument or equipment.

ANALYSER:

•Monitor pollutant gas emissions from industrial processes.

•Gas analyzer is a gas comparator providing high linearity of signal

transformation function.

WEIGHFEEDER:

•Controller multiplies the signal from the load cell(belt load,kg/m) with that
from the speed transducer(belt speed,m/s) to get the feed rate.

•The controller then either changes the belt speed or belt load to get the set
feed rate.
CONVEYOR:
Conveyors are used as components in automated distribution and
warehousing. A belt conveyor consists of two or more pulleys, with a
continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about
them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the
material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley
while the unpowered pulley is called the idler.

BELTWEIGHER:
•Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a
beltweigher.A belweigher or belt weigher is a piece of industrial control
equipment used to gauge the mass or flow rate of material travelling over a
conveyor belt.
 Process & its Control
• Process Parameters:
- Pressure
- Level
- Temperature
- Flow
 Pressure Measurement

• PRESSURE
A force applied to or distributed over a surface. The
pressure (P) of a force (F) distributed over an area(A) is
defined as :

P=F/A

Standard Unit of Pressure is Pascal

.
Other units of pressure are psi
kg/cm 2
bar
atmosphere
torr
1 Pa= 1 N/m2
 Pressure Measurement
• Primary Pressure Measuring Devices:
- Diaphragm
- Bellows
- Manometer

• Pressure measurements can be divided into three

different categories:
- absolute pressure
- gauge pressure and
- differential pressure
 GAUGE PRESSURE
• Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient
pressure.

In measurements a gauge is used to record the pressure difference between the

system and the atmospheric pressure. This is called gauge pressure and can be stated
by the following equation:

Pg=Pa+Po
where
P g = gauge pressure
Po = atmospheric pressure

• If the pressure of a system is below atmospheric, it is called vacuum pressure.

•When pressure is measured by a gauge, the quantity obtained usually

excludes the
ambient atmospheric pressure and is therefore called overpressure,

Poverpressure = Pgauge
 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

If atmospheric pressure is included, then the resulting pressure is

called absolute pressure
Pabsolute = Patmospheric + Pgauge

The absolute pressure is measured relative to the absolute zero pressure - the pressure
that would occur at absolute vacuum.

P=Pg+Po

P=absolute pressure,
Pg=gauge pressure,
Po=atmospheric pressure.

D
I
F
F
E
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

•The atmospheric pressure is the pressure in the surrounding air at or "close" to the surface
of the earth.

•The atmospheric pressure varies with temperature and altitude above sea level.

•Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted at the surface of a body by a

column of air in an atmosphere.

1 atmosphere on Earth = 760 millimeters of mercury (760 Torr) and

101,325 Pascals.

STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:

The Standard Atmospheric Pressure (atm) is used as a reference for gas

densities and volumes.

The Standard Atmospheric Pressure is defined at sea-level at 273°K (0°C)

and is 1.01325 bar or 101325 Pa (absolute). The temperature of 293°K
(20°C) is also used.
Types of Pressure Measuring Devices

Manometer Bourdan Gauge

l\

I -
lll!M

I .
Contd..

Strain Gage Types Peizo Electric

5cr
Pit
r--=='i----..11!.-.--.

Capacitive LVDT

M • 1, DiBplu;ap,.
apm.,:,ar "-
plm F - --
---,.....-
Preson---­ --,--- ........ Rlib ;c r;n m
llp_a1 --lffl'AIUffl

FiuzJ
..--
p_lan
tL'l,,D'f r,e,
i
 Level Measurement
• Some of the most commonly used liquid-level
measurement methods are:
• RF capacitance
• Conductance (conductivity)
• Hydrostatic head/tank gauging
• Radar
• Ultrasonic
 Level Measurement

Level Measurement using Pressure Transmitter

P=pgh

Liquid
h
Density= p
 Open Tank Closed Tank

Atmospheric lsolatb
n
PressureP aim YaN
.e

Vente
d to
L
Atmospner Prnsslfe
H e lmpu 9
LiquidofWeightDensiS Liro

I LO
I N
I
I
, .....
Vavl ---.,,..
4·20rnA
e Sg
i nal
RF Capacitance
Conductive Type
Hydrostatic Head

I
'
I
1-
 Ultrasonic Type
RADAR Type

Reference Gaug:e
Height= 20 ft (6.1 m)

c
%
C\
I
0. .

>w
0
I

H
.J
...J
w
Beam Width
 Flow Measurement

• Principle:
- Flow is measured by measuring velocity through a
known [Link] this indirect method,the flow measured
is the volume flow rate Q.

Q=AxV

Where A is the cross sectional area of

the pipe Vis the fluid velocity

Unit of low is m 3 /hr or litres/hr

 Flow Measurements
• Types:
- Head Type Flowmeters
- Mechanical Flowmeters
- Electronic Flowmeters
- Mass Flowmeters
 Different Type of Head Type
Flowmeters
• Orifice Plate
• Venturi
• Flow Nozzle
• Pitot Tube
• Elbow
 Orific
•
e
Service: Clean Liquids, Gases Steam,(no slurries or corrosive)
• Scale: Square Root
• Accuracy: 1% Full Scale
• Permanent Pressure Loss: High
• Cost: Low
Basic Equation :V=k*(h/0)0•5

0 Ve nt Hole - Beve Where

Thlckness Es

6
1Loeatlo1111 Grreater Than
(liquid 1 / 8 i n (3.175

.
,
1- Service)
\
fLow
--- -
mm) or the
45· Orifice
DIameter Is less
'1 Than 1 In (25
mm)
iupstreal'lill
,
.. .." \ •
r
,
. , , r - - - ..._
... 'I, 'I,
Sharp Orifice It
I I' 1

0
J1
I I
Edge I I

..
L I
' It

t
,/
..
' 'lo
Pipe l / 8 In(3.175 "'...
Drain Ho e
[Link] lorn
Ernter na
Diameter
mm)
Maximum --
...... I I

[Vapor
Serrvlce] 1 / 8 11!1 - 1 / 2 I n
(3..175-12.70 mm)
A) Concent,rlc B} Ec:ce1111trl c C} Segnnenta
I
 Venturi
• Service: Clean Liquids, Gases Steam Slurries and Dirty Fluids
• Scale: Square Root
• Accuracy: 1% Full Scale
• Rangability: 3:1
• Permanent Pressure Loss: Low
• Cost: High

Hlgh Pressure D±.lD .5D±.1D

"lap! low !
..,..._._,,.i.....,.,.
Pressme"lap

..-,
nlet
f ln et
Throat O liltLe
t
co e Cone

A) Short-FormiVerntuirl
B} Universal Venturi C) Flow Nozzle
"lube
 Variable Area Meters

100

90

t!Q
Gnivlty I

!
I
70
Equillbrlum
- - " P ' " 60

50
Float I
a4Q I
I

1Q
I
I
)0 I
F ow I

I
20

10

R
1 1
Plstornlllil
Tapered Tube Perforated [Link] Vame,
lfapered Metering lfube (Rotal!lllete r) Tapered Cylinder Disc, or flapper
Plug
 Mechanica Flowmeters
l

Rotor

frnlet_... owi1e
. t
A)Nt1tatirngDi
sc
Electronic Flowmeters

Electrode

Magnetk: con
 Vortex Flowmeters

H i g h Ve l o c l t y Flu•d

Alternntve
Still Flukl Vo r t i c e s

S h e a r Layer

V
1D
 Sensor

Force on [Link]

F l o w

Vortex Slhe dde r force

Pivoting Axis

Shedder Bar
 Ultrasonic Flowmeters

Particles In Upstream
Flowstrea Transducer
l m (TJl
rainsmItTrn
nsducer
(Typieal)
----

Receive
Transducer
(Typlca ) Downstrea
---.
A)DopplerS B·)Transitlim m
e Trainsducer[
hift TI)
 Temperature Measurement
• Temperature:

- Webster's defines temperature as "the degree of

hotness or coldness measured on a definite scale.

Various units of temperature are related as

C = 5/9(F - 32)

F = 9/5 (C ) + 32
K = 273 + C
R = 460 + F
 Temperature Measurement
• Types of Temp Measurement:
-R T D
-Thermocouple
-Thermistor
-Thermopile
- Pyrometer
 Temperature terminology
Temperature Control Loop
• Temperature Loop Issues:
Fluid response slowly to change in input heat
Requires advanced control strategies
• Feedforward Control

Dis;::!nce Q ◄ - - - --- - - - - - - - - - -
-
--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
\
Q TIC

Q j

Cold i)
Water
Steam

Hot
ater
3 5
 Temperature Measurement
Technology
Change in RESISTANCE with response to change in
TEMPERATURE

• Example: Thermistors
• RTD (discussed later)
• Thermistors
• Semi-conductors made from specific mixtures of pure oxides of
nickel, manganese, copper, cobalt, and other metals sintered at very
high temperature.
• Used with Wheatstone Bridge which amplifies small change in
resistance - in a simple circuit with a battery and a micro-ammeter.
• Stability
• Linearity Moderate
• Slope of Output Poor (Logarithmic)
Negative
36
 Temperature Sensors
RTDs
• What is an RTD ?
- Resistance Temperature Detector
» Operation depends on inherent characteristic of metal
(Platinum usually): electrical resistance to current/low changes
when a metal undergoes a change in temperature.
» If we can measure the resistance in the metal, we know
the temperature!

Platinum
resistance changes
_ with temperature ----1 =====----:::::::=--= -

(((/i1Tff@! Thin-film sensing element

Rosemount's

Series 78,
(Q Series 68 58
Series 65
I

Wire-wound sensing element

BB Two common types of RTD elements:
37 Rosemount's
 Temperature Sensors
RTDs
• How does a RTD works?
- Resistance changes are Repeatable
- The resistance changes of the platinum wiring can
be approximated by an ideal curve -- the IEC 751
35
International Resistance V) 0

vs. Tem erature Chart:

E
..c 30
IE
oc Oh s 0.....
0
-------> - , C
25
0 100.00 ,u
s: 0 I 751
I
:
10 103.90 C,
20 I
I
20 107.79 · V)
V)
0
I
I
30 111.67 -Cl 15
0
¥
- -200 0 200 400 600
400 10 800
IEC 0

751 50 Temperature (°C)

IEC 751 Constants are :- A = 0.0039083, B = - 5.775 x 10 -7,
If t>=0°C, C=0, If t<0, C = - 4.183 x 10 -
12
Example: Ry = R [1 + At + Bt + C(t-100)t
0
2 3]

38
= 103.90
 Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples

What is a Thermocouple ?
- Two dissimilar metals joined at a "Hot" junction
- The wires are connected to an instrument (voltmeter)
that measures the potential created by the
difference between the two ends.
temperature
Process
1irmperatur "40 millivolts!," Tomm
Hot junctionv/ /
'y): e Seebeck yelled in a heat d
e ate.

-
he junction of two dissimilar metals creates
small voltage output proportional to
tem erature!

39
 Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples

• How does a Thermocouple work ?

- The measured voltage is proportional to the temperature
difference between the hot and cold junctionI {T2 - T1) =
Hot junc ion . Cold Junction
Measurement
T.. .- - > -
+ Reference
Junction Heat -<- Li T- ► Junction
MV
►

T2 ► T1

Thermoelectric Voltage 80
vs. T emoerature
c
Chart:
0

Millivolts 40
0 0.000
10 0.591 ->
o
20 1.192 20
-500 .... 500 1000
30 1.801 -20
TYPE E THERMOCOUPLE
Temperature (°C)
40
 Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples

Types of Thermocouple

Type J
- Iron/
• White, Red
Constantan
• Oto 760 °C
• Least Expensive TypeT
- Copper/
Constantan
Type K
» Blue, Red
- Chromel /
» -180 to 371 °C
Alumel
» Yellow, Red
» Highly
+ » Oto 1150 °C resistant to
» Most Linear corrosion from
moisture
41
 Temperature Sensors
Comparison

Why choose RTD over Thermocouple ?

• Better Accuracy & Repeatability
RTD signal less susceptible to noise
Better linearity
RTD can be "matched" to
transmitter
{Interchangeability error
eliminated)
CJC error inherent with T/C's; RTD's lead wire
resistance errors can be eliminated

Better Stability
- T/C drift is erratic and unpredictable; RTD's drift
predictably
- T/C's cannot be re-calibrated

Greater Flexibility
- Special extension wires not needed
42 - Don't need to be careful with cold junctions
 Temperature Sensors
Comparison

Why choose thermocouple over RTD ?

• Applications for Higher Temperatures

• Above 1100°F
• Lower Element Cost
• Cost is the same when considering temperature point
performance requirements
• Faster response time
• Insignificant compared to response time for T-Well and
process
• Perceived as more rugged
• Rosemount construction techniques produce
extremely rugged RTD

43
Temperature Sensors
Comparison

RANGE OFFER

-200 to S00Q C RTD

500 to ll00Q Thermocouple Type K

C
Special Thermocouple R, S or B
>ll00Q C

44
 Sensor
accessories
Thermowells
• What is a thermowell (T-well)?
- A unit that protects a sensor from
process flow, pressure, vibrations, and
corrosion
- Allows for sensor removal without
process shutdown
- Slows response time (by 5 times)

Why are there different material types ?

- To handle different corrosive environments
- To handle different temperature and pressure limits

45
 Control
•
Valves
The control valve manipulates a flowing fluid, such as gas, steam, water,
or chemical compounds, to compensate for the load disturbance and
keep the regulated process variable as close as possible to the desired
set point.
• The control valve regulates the rate of fluid flow as the position of the
valve plug or disk is changed by force from the actuator.
• Control valves are valves used within industrial plants and elsewhere to
control operating conditions such as temperature, pressure ,flow, and
liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals
received from controllers that compare a "set point" to a "process
variable" whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such
conditions.
• The opening or closing of control valves is done by means of electrical,
hydraulic or pneumatic systems.
CONTROL VALVES:

They are basically pneumatically operated valves which require around 4

to 5 kg/cm2 of air pressure to operate the valve.

I / P Converter .,_ .... ,..CQNTROLVALV

CURRENT E

SUPPLY SUPPLY
AIR AIR
 Control Valve Types
LOADING PRESSURE C O N N E C T I O N - . . ._ --r-i
DIAPHRAGM C A S I N G - - -. .. . - 1 c

DIAPHRAGM AND STEM

SHOWN IN UP P O S I T I O N - -

DIAPHRAGM PLATE

DIRECT-ACTING
ACTUATOR
S
P
RSTEM C O N N E C T O R - - - - - - - t t ' l ' - 1 R " ' l
I Y O K E - - - - - - 1
N
G
TRAVEL INDICATOR ---

A
D
\l'i/0363-1 J
U
S
T
O
 - - - - COMPACT FIELD-
REVERSIBLE MULTl-SPRING
ACTUATOR

INTEGRAL
PNEUMATIC
PASSAGEWAYS

INTEGRATED
NAMUR POSITIONER
POSITIONER MOUNTING
AIR-TO-OPEN MOUNTING
CAPABILITY
VALVE
ASSEMBLY -------O N E - P I E C E
SCREWED
PACKING FOLLOWER

CLAMPED BONNET
DESIGN
\rvs486-3
 BONNE
T tll....- ,_.,.._....,.... VALVEPLUG STEM
GASKE t PACKING FLANGE
T RAL
SPI ACTUATORYOKELOCKNUT
WOUND
PUSH- ..-.-PACKING
r.,,,,#2::: ,..._
GASKE
DOWN• T
_:-PACKING
TO-CLOSE BOX
VALVE ,.._. BONNET

BODY CAGE
ASSEMBLY GASKET""T""""'f--,.

CAGE
SEA
SEAT RING
T
RING GASKET
wo9s VALVE
9 BODY
DIAPHRAGM CASINGS

D I A P H R A G M AND
S T E M S H O W N IN
D O W N POSITION

L O A D I N G PR
CONNECTION
A C T U ATO R
SPRING

-----
-----
:t
S P R I N G A D J U STO R

T R AV E L INDICATO R

I N D I C ATO R S C A L E ---
W0364-111L

F i g u r e 1 - 4. Ty p i c a l R e v e r s e - A c t i n g
D i aphragm Actuator
 Valve Body Types

• Diff. types of Valve Body:

• Butterfly Valve
• Globe Valve
• Ball Valve
• Plug type Valve
• Needle Valve
 Positioner & its accessories
• Pneumatically operated valves depend on a positioner to
take an input signal from a process controller and convert it to
valve travel.
• A pneumatic signal (usually 3-15 psig) is supplied to the
positioner. The positioner translates this to a required valve
position and supplies the valve actuator with the required air
pressure to move the valve to the correct position.
• Analog I/P Positioner-This positioner performs the same
function as the one above, but uses electrical current
(usually 4-20 mA) instead of air as the input signal.
Automation (ancient Greek: = self dictated), roboticization or industrial automation
or numerical control is the use of control systems such as computers to control
industrial machinery and processes, replacing human operators.

The most commonly used automation systems are :

• DCS - Distributed Control System

• PLC - Programmable Logic Controller

• SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition System

 DC
•
S
Distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of a
manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which the
controller elements are not central in location (like the brain) but are distributed
throughout the system with each component sub-system controlled by one or
more controllers. The entire system of controllers are connected by a network for
communication and monitoring.
• DCS is a very broad term used in a variety of industries, to monitor and control
distributed equipment.
• A DCS typically uses computers (usually custom designed processors) as
controllers and uses both proprietary interconnections and protocols for
communication. Input & output modules form component parts of the DCS. The
processor receives information from input modules and sends information to
output modules. The input modules receive information from input instruments in
the process (a.k.a. field) and output modules transmit instructions to the output
instruments in the field. Computer buses or electrical buses connect the processor
and modules through multiplexers/demultiplexers. Buses also connect the
distributed controllers with the central controller and finally to the
Human-Machine Interface (HMI) or control consoles.
 ARCHITECTURE OF
DCS
Operator Operator Operator
Workstation 1 Workstation 2 Workstation 3 Database

! ! r
!
Controller 1 Controller 2 Controller 3 Controller 4
' • ' '

• , ,
"
Input Output Input Output Input Output Input Output
Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module

, ,

Sensor1 Actuator 1 Sensor 2 Actuator 2 Sensor 3 Actuator 3 Sensor 4 Actuator 4

DCS : BASIC CONFIGURATION
ETHERNET

VNET

VNET VNET

BCV

RLB U S
RIO BUS

MOPL MFCD
NIU NIU

'------1 MAR

MAR MAR FIELD

FIELD INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS
'

'- J B 2 l,.. ....J..._...J.... _

JB 1
- - - - - - - L - .........-, JB 3
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES OF
HIS:
DCS
Human Interface Station
The HIS is mainly used for operation and monitoring-it displays process variables,control parameters and
alarms necessary for users to quickly grasp the operating status of the plant.

NIU: Node Interface Unit

These are remote 1/0 units which all the Instruments are [Link] units in turn are connected to FCS
through RIO bus.

FCS: Field Control Station

It is the main control unit which controls the [Link] can be more than one FCS which then communicate
with each other and also communicate with the HIS from where the Operator is operating.
Vnet:
The Vnet real time control system BUS links station such as FCS,HIS,BCV andCGW.
ETHERNET:
Ethernet is used to link HIS,ENG and supervisory [Link] is also used for transferring data files to
supervisory computers and for HIS data equalization.
RL Bus: This a control system BUS(communication link) which connects Field control [Link]
stations.
CGW: Communication Gateway
This unit links the Vnet control system BUS to an ETHERNET BUS
BCV: Bus Converter
The communication bus of one version of DCS may not communicate with the newer versions so BUS
CONVERTER is used to convert the BUS to suitable mode.
In our plant our existing RL BUS is converted to newer system bus Vnet by the Bus Converter kept in
Engineering room near central control room.
 Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC)
•Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a microprocessor based system that uses programmable
memory to store instructions and implement functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and
arithmetic in order to control machines and processes.

•Unlike Personal Computer, PLC does not contain peripherals, such as display or keyboard, that allow
user to directly interact with PLC. In order to facilitate interaction, separate computer is provided,
normally taking form of a standard PC. Through this external computer, operator can re-program PLC,
provide set-points and view trends of process variables that are controlled and manipulated by PLC.

External -
- PLC - Actuator - Process
Computer - l

Sensor
 Programmable Logic Controller Architecture

PLC

Power Supply

Microprocessor +
Memory
Operator .
Workstation
-
I Communication Module

Discrete Input (DI) Module Discrete Sensor

Analogue Input (Al) Module Analogue Sensor

I

I
I
I
I
Discrete Output (DO) Module I

I
•
Discrete Actuator
I
I
I
Analogue Output (AO) Module I
. Analogue Actuator
I
 Programmable Logic Controller Architecture

1
I I

External -
I Communication PLC
I

·
Mo dule I
I
I
Computer I
I
I
1, I
I
I
Actuator -----+ Process
Microprocessor-----+ Output Moduler.-.I
· I
I
I
I
I

Input Module I
I Sensor -
I

-----------------------------
·
PLC consists of the following components:

• Microprocessor - This is the brain of PLC. It reads input signals, executes control
program and communicates results (decisions) of control program as action signals to the
outputs.
• Memory - It stores control program that is to be executed at a prescribed
rate.
• Power Supply - This component is used to convert the mains AC voltage to the low DC
voltage (e.g. from 240V AC to 5V DC). This unit powers the processor and the circuits in
the input and output modules.

• Input Module - This component receives information from external devices (sensors). It
contains circuitry that provides electrical isolation and signal conditioning functionalities.
Input module can be analogue input (Al) or discrete input (DI) module. Al module receives
continuously changing signal whose amplitude is proportional to the current value of the
measured process variable. DI module receives discrete/digital (ON/OFF) information from
discrete sensors, for example push button (ON if button is pressed, OFF if button is not
pressed). Note that DI is much more frequently used than Al.

• Output Module - This module communicates control actions to external devices

(actuators). It contains circuitry required to interface PLC with actuators (e.g. digital-to­
analogue converter and power amplifier). Like input module, output module can be
analogue output (AO) or discrete output (DO) module depending on the type of actuator
used.

• Communication Module - This component allows PLC to communicate with external

devices using sophisticated multiple-bit digital communication protocols (e.g. Ethernet).
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

Typical PLCs
 PLC Programming

• Ladder Diagram - most common

• Structure Text Programming (ST)
• Functional Block Programming (FB)
• Instruction List (IL)
• Sequential Function Chart (SFC)
 Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition {SCADA)
• SCADA system performs the following tasks

• Collection of data from field devices, which can be sensors, actuators and
controllers.

• Transfer of field devices' information via communication link to the central

site (master station)

• Execution of any necessary analysis and supervisory control calculations,

all of which are taking place at the master stations.

• Display process information on a number of operator screens.

• Convey any required supervisory control actions back to the field devices.