1
LECTURE
1 INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
2
The database environment
To be able to function, an organisation needs information, e.g.
list of books in a library,
customer details in a retail business,
specifications of cars and their components for a car manufacturer
Information may be defined as data represented in a meaningful form.
Same data shown in different ways will provide different information to different
viewers
3
A major requirement of any computer system is to store and retrieve
data in a way that is meaningful to the end user –
so the core of any Information System is data, which is to be
transformed into information through data modelling.
4
Definitions
Data:
Meaningful facts, text, graphics, images, sound, video segments.
Database:
An organized collection of logically related data.
Information:
Data processed to be useful in decision making.
5
Metadata:
Data that describes the properties or characteristics of other data.
Allows database designers and users to understand the meaning of
the data
6
What is Databases?
Often abbreviated DB.
A database is a collection of related information.
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can
easily be accessed, managed, and updated.
For example, a phone book is a database of names, addresses and
phone numbers.
7
A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer
program can quickly select desired pieces of data.
You can think of a database as an electronic filing system
8
Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files.
A field is a single piece of information;
a record is one complete set of fields; and
a file is a collection of records.
For example, a telephone book is similar to a file.
It contains a list of records, each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and
telephone number.
9
10
Database Management System (DBMS)
To access information from a database, you need a database management system (DBMS).
This is a collection of programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a
database.
OR
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software tool that facilitates creating,
maintaining, and manipulating an information database.
11
DMBS is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information
from a database.
There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal
computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.
The following are examples of database applications:
computerized library systems
automated teller machines
flight reservation systems
12
Requests for information from a database are made in the form of a
query.
In fact, most of today's database systems are referred to as a Relational
Database Management System (RDBMS), because of their ability to
store related data across multiple tables.
13
Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a
database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational
model as introduced by E. F. Codd.
Most popular databases currently in use are based on the relational
database model.
14
A short definition of an RDBMS is:
a DBMS in which data is stored in tables and the relationships
among the data are also stored in tables.
The data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways
without having to change the table forms.
15
Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a program that
lets you create, update, and administer a relational database.
Relational Database Management System a type of database
management system (DBMS) that stores data in the form of related
tables.
An important feature of relational systems is that a single database can
be spread across several tables.
16
Some of the more popular relational database management systems include:
Microsoft Access
Filemaker
Microsoft SQL Server
MySQL
Oracle
17
What is Record?
In the context of a relational database, a row—also called a record or tuple—represents a
single, structured data item in a table.
In simple terms, a database table can be thought of as consisting of rows and columns or
fields.
Each row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the
same structure.
18
EMPNO FIRSTNME LASTNAME WORKDEPT JOB
000010 Christine Haas A00 President
000020 Michael Thompson B01 Manager
000120 Sean O'Connell A00 Clerk
19
What is Entity?
The first step in developing a database design is to identify the types of
data to be stored in database tables.
A database includes information about the entities in an organization or
business, and their relationships to each other.
In a relational database, entities are represented as tables.
20
An entity is a person, object, or concept about which you want to store
information.
Some of the entities described in the sample tables are employees,
departments, and projects.
EMPNO FIRSTNME LASTNAME WORKDEPT JOB
000010 Christine Haas A00 President
000020 Michael Thompson B01 Manager
000120 Sean O'Connell A00 Clerk
21
What is Field/Column?
Within a relational table, each row of data in the table is a collection of related data values.
There are characteristics to each piece of data in each row.
Columns are used to identify and classify each piece of data.
Each column in a table must have a name that is unique for that table.
22
The data type and length specify the type of data and the maximum
length that are valid for the column.
Data types may be chosen from those provided by the database
manager or you may choose to create your own user-defined types.
23
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
Important for Database Management
•Database management includes querying and
modifying data using DML commands like INSERT UPDATE DELETE
, , , and
SELECT.
•AlthoughDBAs may use DML for data migrations,
backup/restoration, and troubleshooting, it is more
commonly used by developers and data analysts.
24
DDL (Data Definition Language)
Primary Focus for Database Administration
•Database administrators (DBAs) are responsible for defining and
managing database structures.
•DDL commands like CREATE, ALTER, DROP define, modify, and manage
database schemas.
•Tasks include creating tables, indexing, partitioning, setting
constraints, managing users, and configuring database
storage.
25
Database Applications
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
26
Relational Model
Attributes
27
A Sample Relational Database
28
Architecture for a Database System
29
DBMS
Reques
t
Data Read
Application issues
Replay a data request to
the DBMS
End user
Local database
30
The DBMS Manages the Interaction Between the End User and the Database.