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Heat Transfer Mechanisms Explained

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23 views32 pages

Heat Transfer Mechanisms Explained

Uploaded by

almira villareal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ENERGY CONVERSION

HEAT TRANSFER
PART 1

PREPARED BY: TYPE YOUR NAME HERE


S9FE -IVg - 45

Explainhow heat transfer


and energy transformation
make heat engines work
HEAT TRANSFER

 What is heat transfer?


The transfer of heat is normally from a high temperature object to a
lower temperature object. Heat transfer changes the internal energy
of both systems involved according to the First Law of
Thermodynamics.

 Features
---Heat is a form of energy
---Transfer of heat from one body to another by virtue of temperature
difference.
---It is important to know the rate at which heat is transferred
---The rate of heat transfer can be constant or variable depends on
operating conditions.
---Steady-state heat transfer.
---Transient heat transfer.
HEAT TRANSFER

 Types of Heat Transfer

There are three


mechanisms by
which
thermal energy is
transported.
1. Convection
2. Conduction
3. Radiation
HEAT TRANSFER
 Heat Transfer Examples
HEAT TRANSFER

 Conduction
Transfer of heat from one part of a substance to
another part of the same substance, or from one
Example:
substance
Heat tometal
transfer in a another inheat
bar and physical
transfercontact with it,
through solidappreciable
without body. permanent displacement of the
molecules.
HEAT TRANSFER

 Convection
Transfer of heat within a fluid by mixing of one portion of the fluid
with another.
HEAT TRANSFER

Convection can be further subdivided into natural


convection and forced convection. For natural
convection, the flow of the fluid is induced by
buoyancy forces, whereas in forced convection the
fluid flow is due to some outside means such as aExample of
fan, blower, or pump. Natural
Convection
is shown in
LHS Figure.
HEAT TRANSFER
Example of forced convection with Figure below:
HEAT TRANSFER

 Radiation
---Radiation is the transfer of heat through
electromagnetic radiation.

 Some features of radiation


---All substances continuously emit electromagnetic
radiation unless its temperature is absolutely zero.
---Higher temperature substance emit more than a
lower temperature one.
---Radiation energy transfer occurs from higher
temperature body to lower temperature body.
---Does not require any medium for transfer.
---Transfer occurs in atmosphere.
HEAT TRANSFER
Radiation:

Examples and uses:


Heat from the sun reaches us by radiation.
An electric grill heats food by radiation.
HEAT TRANSFER

 Fourier’s Law of Conduction


---Flow of heat through a single homogeneous body.
---Heat flow is directly proportional to the area perpendicular to
the heat flow and change of temperature with respect to the
length of path.
---Empirical law.
---Heat flow positive inthe direction of x.
---Thermal conductivity, , is defined as heat flow rate per unit
time when temperature decreases by one degree in unit distance.
HEAT TRANSFER
A thin slab of material of thickness dx and surface area A has one
face at a temperature t and the other at a temperature (t+dt).
Then applying Fourier’s law we have for the rate of heat flow in
the direction x.

dt
Rate of heat flow, Q  A
dx
dt
or Q  -A
dx

Figure: Heat flow through a thin slab of material


HEAT TRANSFER

 Heat transfer through a small section of a body.


 Genarally,  is constant over a range of temperature.

Consider the trasfer of heat through a slab of material as shown in Figure (b).
At section, X-X, using equation above,

Qdx = -Adt

Integrating,
x t2

0
Qdx   Adt
t1
t2
 = -A dt
or Qx t1
  A(t  t )
Qx 2 1

 = A (t  t )
Q 1 2
x
For most solids the value of the thermal conductivity is approximately
constant over a wide range of temperatures, and therefore  can be
taken as constant.
HEAT TRANSFER
 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Heat transfer from a solid surface of area A, at a
temperature tw to a fluid of temperature t, is given by,
 A(t  t)
Q w
where  is called heat transfer coefficient.

 Heat transfer from a fluid A to a fluid B through a dividing wall.


 Overall heat transfer co-efficient (U )

Figure: Temperature variation for heat


transfer from one fluid to another through
a dividing wall.
HEAT TRANSFER

 Heat transfer through a composite wall/plate


( electrical analogy)
---Composite wall, Example: buildings – made of layers of various
materials.
---This is solved by making the use of electrical analogy
---Heat flow is caused by temperature difference
---Current flow is caused by potential difference
---A thermal resistance is analogous to an electrical resistance.
HEAT TRANSFER

From Ohm’s law, we can say

V
V IR or I =
R
where V is the potential difference,
I the current, and R the resistance.

Figure: Heat transfer through


a composite wall.
HEAT TRANSFER

 A A
We know that heat transfer is equal to Q=- (t 2  t1 ) or Q = (t1  t 2 )
x x
and comparing this with the electrical analogy, we have

x
Thermal resistance, R           (1)
A
Where Q  is analogus to I, and
(t1  t 2 ) is analogus to V.
Therefore,
---Composite wall is analogous to a series of resistance.
---Total resistance is equal to the sum of all the resistances.
---Compare Ohm’s law with equation of Newton’s law of cooling to get thermal
resistance.
---Electrical analogy for overall heat transfer.
HEAT TRANSFER

So therefore, we have,
1 1
RA  and R B  , then
A A BA
x1 x2
R1  , R2  etc.
1A 2A
xn 1
Rn  and R B 
n A BA

R T R A  R 1  R 2         R n  R B
The total resistance to1 heat flow
x is then,
1
R Total          (2)
A A A  B A
HEAT TRANSFER

 tA  tB
Using the electrical analogy for the overall heat transfer we have,

Q
RT

In equation (2), the overall heat transfer coefficient, U is defined as

1 1 x 1
  
U A  B
For any number of walls, we have

1 1 x 1

U A

B
HEAT TRANSFER

1 1
It is seen that theU =
R T A or reciprocal of U is simply the
U RTA
thermal resistance for unit area,

See example 16.3


HEAT TRANSFER
HEAT TRANSFER
HEAT TRANSFER
HEAT TRANSFER

 Heat transfer through a cylinder and


A A
sphere Logarithmic mean area : A m  2 1
ln(r2 / r1 )
r2  r1
Therefore, logarithmic mean radius is given by : rm 
Cylinder ln r2 / r1 
x
R
A m
where x is the thickness of a layer and A m log arithmic mean area
for that layer.
ln r2 / r1 
Applying the electrical energy,it is seen that R=
2
Figure: Cross-section through a cylinder
HEAT TRANSFER

Thermal 1
resistance of the film of fluid on the outside
R outside 
surface:  0 A 0
where A 0 is the outside surface area and  0 is the
heat transfer co-efficient for the outside surface.

1
R inside 
i Ai
where resistance
Thermal A i is the inside
of thesurface
film of area
fluidand  i isinside
on the the
heat transfer co-efficient for the inside surface.
surface:
HEAT TRANSFER

So 2
 the
Q
t1 transfer
heat t2  through a cylinder is
ln r2 / r1 
where the heat transfer rate depends on the
ratio of the radii, r2 / r1

See example: 16.4


HEAT TRANSFER

The sphere

Applying the electrical analogy, we have


r  r 
R 2 1
4r1r2
If a mean area, A m , is introduced, we get heat transfer rate,
 A m  t  t   A m  t1  t 2 
Q=
x
1 2
r2  r1 
Mean area, A m 4rm2 4r1r2
Therefore, Mean radius, rm  r1r2

See example: 16.5

Figure: A hollow sphere


HEAT TRANSFER

 General conduction equation


---Consider three dimensional solid
q g .
---Uniform internal heat generation. 
---Internal heat generation per unit volume is
Consider
 an element at 
a ttemperature, t at any

Q x of
instant 
 dydz
time, 
, within
x
 shown
t
a homogeneous

solid
Q y   dxdz
slide.
as
 in Figure in the next
y
   dxdy  t
Q x
z
HEAT TRANSFER

2 t 2 t 2 t q g 1 t
2
 2 2 
x y z  k 

Figure: a small element within a homogeneous solid


HEAT TRANSFER
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