Motor Pembakaran Dalam
Week-11: Intake System
Aditia Aulia
Introduction
The purpose of the intake system is to deliver the proper amount of air and fuel accurately and
equally to all cylinders at the proper time in the engine cycle. The intake system consists of
• intake manifold
• intake valves
• fuel injectors or a carburetor
Intake Manifold
The intake manifold is a system designed to deliver air to the
engine through pipes to each cylinder, called runners.
The inside diameter of the runners must be large enough so
that a high flow resistance and the resulting low volumetric
efficiency do not occur.
On the other hand, the diameter must be small enough to
assure high air velocity and turbulence, which enhances its
capability of carrying fuel droplets and increases evaporation
and air-fuel mixing.
Intake Manifold
Some engines have active intake manifolds
with the capability of changing runner
length and diameter for different engine
speeds. At low speeds, the air is directed
through longer, smaller diameter runners to
keep the velocity high and to assure proper
mixing of air and fuel. At high engine
speeds, shorter, larger diameter runners are
used, which minimizes flow resistance but
still enhances proper mixing.
Intake Manifold
To minimize flow resistance, runners should have no sharp bends, and the
interior wall surface should be smooth with no protrusions such as the edge
of a gasket.
Some intake manifolds are heated to accelerate the evaporation of the fuel
droplets in the air-fuel mixture flow. This is done by heating the walls with
hot engine coolant flow, by designing the intake manifold to be in close
thermal contact with the hot exhaust manifold, or sometimes with electrical
heating.
Throttle Valve
On SI engines, air flow rate through the intake manifold is controlled by a throttle plate (butterfly
valve) usually located at the upstream end. The throttle is incorporated into the carburetor for
those engines so equipped.
Intake Valve
Intake valves of most IC engines are poppet valves that are
spring loaded closed and pushed open at the proper cycle
time by the engine camshaft.
Most valves and valve seats against which they close are
made of hard alloy steel or, in some rarer cases, ceramic.
They are connected by hydromechanical or mechanical
linkage to the camshaft. Ideally, they would open and close
almost instantaneously at the proper times.
Intake Valve
The distance which a valve opens is called valve lift and is generally on the order of a few millimeters to more
than a centimeter, depending on the engine size, usually 5 to 10 mm for automobile engines.
Intake Valve
The ratio of the actual flow area to the flow passage area is called valve discharge coefficient
Sizing Intake Valve
Minimum valve intake area necessary for a modern engine can be given in the following equation
Ai is the total inlet valve area for one cylinder, whether it has one, two, or three intake valves.
Carburetor
[Link]
Fuel Injectors
Fuel injectors are nozzles that inject a spray of fuel into the intake air. They are normally controlled
electronically, but mechanically controlled injectors which are cam actuated also exist. A metered
amount of fuel is trapped in the nozzle end of the injector, and a high pressure is applied to it,
usually by a mechanical compression process of some kind. At the proper time, the nozzle is opened
and the fuel is sprayed into the surrounding air.
[Link]
Fuel Injection Location
Fuel is added to inlet air somewhere in the intake system-before the manifold, in the manifold, or
directly into each cylinder. The further upstream the fuel is added, the more time there is to
evaporate the fuel droplets and to get proper mixing of the air and fuel vapor. However, this also
reduces engine volumetric efficiency by displacing incoming air with fuel vapor.
Volumetric efficiency is a ratio (or percentage) of the mass of air and fuel that is trapped by the cylinder during induction divided by
the mass that would occupy the displaced volume if the air density in the cylinder were equal to the ambient air density.
Turbocharger