ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

James Mathew
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Introduction
 What is Engineering Graphics or Engineering
drawing?
 Why an Engineering student (Irrespective of
discipline) needs to study this subject?
象
 Слон
 ช้าง
‫الفيل‬
ఏనుగు
யானை
Elephant
Drawing–a Universal Language…!!
Prehistoric Drawings(40,000 years of drawing)
• Every Language has its Syntax
(Rules)/Grammar.
• Engineering Graphics also has a set of rules.
1. Types of Lines
2. Lettering
3. Dimensioning etc.

In India, these rules/standards of Engineering

Drawing are set by
Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.)
 Engineering Graphics

 Universal language for engineers.

 A drawing that contains all information

of an object

Engineering Graphics is important for all

branches of engineering. Why?
 Role of Engineering Graphics
Visualization
Ability to mentally picture things
that do not exist.
Communication
The design solution should be communicated
without ambiguity.
Documentation
Permanent record of the solution.(Eg. Plan)
 Syllabus
• Section A
 Module 1: Orthographic projection of lines
 Module 2: Orthographic projection of Solids
 Module 3: Sections of Solids, Development
of Surfaces
 Module 4: Isometric projection
 Module 5: Perspective projection, Pictorial
views to orthographic views
• Section B
– AutoCAD (2D & 3D)
Credits - 3
Lecture: Section A 3 hours/week
Lab (CAD): Section B 2 hours/week (for 3 weeks)

Assessment Method & Mark Distribution

Classwork/Assignments/Test Section B 10 marks

Internal Examination 1 Section A 10 marks

CIE Internal Examination 2 Section A 10 marks 50

Classwork/Assignments Section A 10 marks

Attendance 10 marks

ESE End Semester Examination Section A 100 marks 100

Total Marks 150

 Drawing Instruments

Drawing Board Compass & Divider

Protractor (pro-
Drawing Sheet
circle)

T-square / Mini-
drafter (Roll and Mechanical Pencil
Draw)

A Pair of Set
Eraser
Squares
12
Drawing Boards & Drawing Sheets

Drawing Boards Drawing Sheets

Designation size Designation size

D0 1500 x 1000 x 25 A0 841x1189

D1 1000 x 700 x 25 A1 594 x 841

D2 700 x 500 x 15 A2 420 x 594

D3 500 x 350 x 15
A3 297 x 420

102908/ME900D: Engineering Graphics 13

 Mini-Drafter

T- Square

102908/ME900D: Engineering Graphics 14

• As Programming Language has Syntax
(Rules).
• Engineering Graphics also has a set of rules.
1. Types of Lines
2. Lettering
3. Dimensioning

Rules/Standards of Engineering Drawing (in India)

are set by
Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.)

102908/ME900D: Engineering Graphics 15

Types of
Lines

102908/ME900D: Engineering Graphics 16

 Lettering
1. Legibility
2. Uniformity
3. Rapidity of Execution
4. Suitability for
Reproduction

102908/ME900D: Engineering Graphics 17

DIMENSIONING
• Extension Line
• Dimension Line
• Leader Line
• Dimension Line Termination
(Arrowhead)
• Dimension

Shape indication
Φ – Diameter
R – Radius
□ – Square
SΦ – Spherical Diameter
SR – Spherical Radius

102908/ME900D: Engineering Graphics 18

Draw the following diagram and
mark the dimensions. Use 1:1 scale

102908/ME900D: Engineering Graphics 19

 Projection Theory
 3-D objects are represented on a
2-D media.

 The act of obtaining the image of

an object
is termed “projection”.
A simple Projection system

Observer
COMPONENTS OF PROJECTION The Plane of
Projection

• Object to be Rays/ Projectors

Projected
• Observer’s Eye
(Station Point)
• The Plane of
Projection
• Rays/ Projectors

Observer’s Eye
(Station Point)

102908/ME900C: Engineering Graphics 22

SYSTEMS OF PROJECTION

The Plane of Projection

SYSTEMS OF
PROJECTION

Rays/ Projectors
Parallel Convergent

Perspective (1
Orthographic Oblique point, 2 point, 3
point)

Multi View Axonometric

1st Angle Isometric

3rd Angle …

102908/ME900C: Engineering Graphics 23

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

cti on
roje ht
p sig
e of of
n e
Pla Lin

i ew
V

infi ver
y)
(at bser
nit
O
 Convergent Projection

Observer

Observer at finite distance from the object

 ORTHOGRAPHIC (MULTI VIEW)PROJECTION

102908/ME900C: Engineering Graphics 26

Multi View Projection
 FOR
T.V.

FO
RF
.V.
S.V.
R
FO

102908/ME900C: Engineering Graphics 28

 For TV

2nd Quadrant
• Above HP
• Behind VP VP

1st Quadrant
Y
• Above HP
• In front of VP
3rd Quadrant X
• Below HP
• Behind VP HP

4th Quadrant For FV

• Below HP
• In front of VP

102908/ME900C: Engineering Graphics 31

Quadrant pattern observed along XY
 VP

Object in 3rd Quadrant Object in 1st Quadrant

Third Angle projectionX
First Angle projection
HP

102908/ME900C: Engineering Graphics 34

Possible positions of an object

1. In 1st quadrant: above HP & in front of VP

2. In 2nd quadrant: above HP & behind VP

3. In 3rd quadrant: below HP & behind VP

4. In 4th quadrant: below HP & in front of VP

5. In plane: on HP & in front of VP

6. In plane: on HP & behind VP

7. In plane: on VP & above HP

8. In plane: on VP & below HP

9. In planes: on HP & on VP
 For Tv
A in First quadrant
VP

a’

LoS
Projector

A
Y For
F v

Pro
je LoS
cto HP
r
X
a
v
 POINT A IN
2 QUADRANT
ND
VP
A
a’
a

HP
OBSERVER
XY

a’
a

x Y
 POINT A IN
3RD QUADRANT

a a

OBSERVER
HP XY X y

A
a’ a’
VP

Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clockwise 47

X Y

a XY HP
OBSERVER

a’ a

a’ POINT A IN
VP A 4TH QUADRANT

Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clockwise 50

POINT ON HP  1 - on HP & in front of VP
 1’ –
on XY
 1 - below XY

 2 – on HP & behind VP
 2’ – on XY
 2– above XY
2

Point on HP, its FV (elevation) on XY

1’
X Y
2’

1
POINT ON VP  P - on VP & above HP
 P – on XY
 p’ - above XY

 Q – on VP & below HP
p’  q – on XY
 q’ – below XY

Point on VP, its TV (plan) on XY

q
X Y
P

q’
POINT ON BOTH HP & VP

e,e’
X Y
PROJECTION OF POINTS
A in First quadrant
A above HP ………… a’ above XY
A in front of VP …...a below XY
A in Second quadrant
A above HP …………a’ above XY
A behind VP ………..a above XY
A in Third quadrant
A below HP …………a’ below XY
A behind VP ………..a above XY
A in Fourth quadrant
A below HP …………a’ below XY
A in front of VP ……a below XY
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

A above HP a’ above XY

A on HP a’ on XY
A below HP a’ below XY

A in front of VP a below XY

A on VP a on XY

A behind VP a above XY
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS - HOME WORKS

Draw the projections of the following points.

1. A 40 mm above HP and 55 mm in front of VP.
2. B 10 mm above HP and 25 mm behind VP.
3. C 35 mm below HP and 20 mm behind VP.
4. D 10 mm below HP and 40 mm in front of VP.
5. E on HP and 50 mm in front of VP.
6. F on HP and 80 mm behind VP.
7. G on VP and 75 mm above HP.
8. H on VP and 30 mm below HP.
9. I on both HP and VP.
Draw the projections of the following points.
1. A 40 mm above HP and 55 mm in front of VP.

40 a’

X Y
55

a
 f c g’
c

c
a’
b
b’ c c c
X e’ c f’ c g hc i’c
v
c Y
d’ c i
v
c’ c v c
v h’
v d v
av v
v
v e c
v
 (1). Line AB has its end A 25 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
End B is 50 mm above HP and 70 mm in front of VP. Distance
between the end projectors is 80 mm. Draw the projections of the
line.
b’

FV
a’ Positions of A

50
α
Positions of B
Length of FV
25

X Y Length of TV
80 Inclination of FV to XY …….…()
30

Inclination of TV to XY ……..…()
7
0

β Distance b/w projectors… ( proj)

a
TV

b
 b’
b’
A Line inclined to both
V.P
. HP and VP FV
a’ 
.
F.V

 Y X Y
a’


X
 a
a b TV
T.V.
b

b’ Positions of A
.
V.P Positions of B
B
.
F.V

 Y Length of FV
a’
Length of TV
A Inclination of FV to XY…….…()
X 
a b
Inclination of TV to XY …()
V. T. Distance b/w projectors… ( proj)
 .
V.P
b’

.
F.V
 Y
a’

A
X 
a b
T. V.
 Two trapeziums through the line AB
(1). ABba
Surface perpendicular to HP.
Surface inclined to VP.
Base on HP.
Base ab represents TV of AB
(2). ABb’a’
Surface perpendicular to VP.
Surface inclined to HP.
Base on VP.
Base a’b’ represents FV of AB
𝜙 --inclination of AB to VP.
--angle b/w True length & its FV.
--angle b/w AB & a’b’.

VT
𝜃
(on VP)
𝜙
Line AB in space.
TV (ab) on HP.
HT
FV (a’b’) on VP. (on HP)

𝜃 –inclination of AB to HP.
--angle b/w True length & its TV.
--angle b/w AB & ab.
 Length of ab1 = length of ab
Height of b’1 = Height of b’

E
AP
ap ue

SH
Sh n Tr

UE
e
ti

TR
No

o XY
el t
ll
para
ab 1

ab inclined to XY

TV parallel to XY; FV represents the True length

LINE AB INCLINED TO HP & VP

b’

𝜙 a’ α
𝜃 X Y

a β

b
 (1). Line AB has its end A 25 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. End B
is 50 mm above HP and 70 mm in front of VP. Distance between the end
projectors is 75 mm. Draw the projections of the line. Find true length
and true inclinations with HP and VP.
b’

0
FV Positions of A
a’

50
α Positions of B
Length of FV
25

X Y Length of TV

75 Inclination of FV to XY …….…()
30

Inclination of TV to XY ……..…()
7
0

β Distance b/w projectors…( proj)

a
TV

b
 b’

TRACES OF A LINE
FV
a’

vt ht’
X Y

vt’ ht
(VT) (HT)

a
TV
All Plan points are collinear; vt on xy line

All Elevation points are collinear; ht’ on xy line b

 b’
a’
ht FV
(HT) vt’
(VT)

X Y
ht’ vt

a
TV

b
𝜃 line (a’-b1’) from β line(a-b) of AB
ength b’ b1’
ue L
= Tr
Three θ lines b ’)
(a’- 1

a’
θ 1’
ht vt’ (a’- 1’) = Length of (a-b)

X Y
ht’ vt

a β b1
(a-
b)
= Top
Vie
w
XY component of (a’-b1’) = length of (a-b) b
2. 𝜃 line (vt’-b3’) from  line(vt-b)
-B) b’ b3’
VT
th of (
ng
ue Le
r
b3’ )=T a’
(vt ’-
ht vt’
θ 3’
(vt’- 3’) = Length of (vt-b)
X β
Y
ht’ vt b3

(vt
-b)
= Top a
Vie
w

XY component of (vt’-b3’) = length of (vt-b) b

3. 𝜃 line (ht’-b5’) from  line(ht-b) B)
b’ b5’
HT-
of (
ength
ue L
r
= T a’
’)
ht ’- b5
(
ht vt’
β
b5
(ht’- 5’) = Length of (ht-b)
X θ Y
ht’ vt 5’

(ht
-b)
= Top a
Vie
w

XY component of (ht’-b5’) = length of (ht-b) b

 Three 𝜙 lines from Three  lines
b’

FV

a’ b2 ’

vt ht’
𝜙
v v 6
X v v Y
b4 ’

ht 4
b6 ’
vt’ 2
a
TV

b b2 b4 b6
 Three 𝜃 lines from Three  lines b’ b1’ b3’b5’

a’
ht vt’ b5

X Y
ht’ vt b3

a b1

b
 True length from α line
b’ b1 ’
�Triangle formed
FV �
TL

𝜃
a’ b2 ’

X Y

𝜙
2
a

TV TL

b b2
 b’

a’

70
40

80
X Y

20
50

a
 b’ b1’
Locus of b’

a’ 1’ Locus of a’

X Y
Locus of b

b
Locus of a

a b1
 Three 𝜙 Triangles Length of α line (ht’-b’)
ht 4
Length of α line (a’-b’) 2 �
a
� Tr�
u
Tru� el
e en
len gth
gth of
of (H T-B
(A- )
B)
b2 b4
Length of α line (vt’-b’)
vt 6
�
b2, b4, b6, on the locus of b �
Tru
e le
ngt

Base length of each 𝜙 triangle equals

h of (
VT-
B)
Length of
corresponding  lines
b6
 VT
(on VP)
𝜙 𝜃 gle
ian
𝜙
Tr
HT
(on HP) 𝜃
Triangle
 b’ b1 ’

FV
a’ TL
ht
vt’

X Y
ht’ vt
2
a b1
TL
TV

b b2
 Three 𝜙 Triangles ht
Length of α line (ht’-b’) 4
Length
a
of α line (a’-b’) T �
Tru � 2 rue �
e l� len
en gth
gt h of
of (H T
(A- - B)
B) b2 b4
vt
Length of α line (vt’-b’)
6
�
�
Tru
e
l en
b2, b4, b6, on the locus of b g th o
Base length of each 𝜙 triangle
f (V
T-B
)
equals Length of corresponding  b6
lines
Three 𝜃 Triangles b3’
b1’ -B)
-B) VT
(A f (
of o
h g th
ngt len
e le ue
r
Tru T

a' Length of β line (a-b) 1’ vt' 3’

Length of β line (vt-b)
b1’, b3’ b5’, on the locus of b’ b5’
-B)
Base length of each 𝜃 triangle
(H T
of
g th
len
equals Length of corresponding e
Tru
β lines

ht' 5’
Length of β line (ht-b)
 A TYPICAL SOLUTION b’ b1’

FV
a’ TL
ht
vt’

X Y
ht’ vt
2
a b1
TL
TV

b b2
 VT

𝜙 𝜃
(on VP)

HT
(on HP)
 𝜃
𝜃


𝜃
 b’(b1’)

a’ θ
𝜃 X Y
𝜃

a
b(b1)
𝜃 line (a’-b1’) from  line(a-b) f A B
h o b’ b1’
gt
ue Len
Tr
b1)=
’
(a’- a’
θ 1’
ht vt’ (a’- 1’) = Length of Top View((a-b)

X Y
ht’ vt

a β b1
(a-
b)
=T
op
V ie
w

b
 b’ b1’ True length from β line
𝜃 Triangle formed
FV TL

𝜃
a’ 1’

X Y

𝜙
b1
a
TV TL

b b2
 .
V.P

b’
Y
a’
φ B
A
X
a b
φ
 a’ b’

X Y
φ
a
φ

b
 Three φ lines from Three  lines b’

a’
ht vt’ b2’
6
b4’
X 4 b6’
Y
ht’ vt
Three φ Triangles
2
(a – b2 – 2)……… from (a’-b’) a
( vt – b4 – 4)…… from (vt’-b’)
( ht – b6 – 6)…... from (ht’-b’)
b b2 b4 b6
LINES.

Projection of lines.

Locate Traces of the line.

Find True length of the line.

True length from Plan.

True length from Elevation.

Obtain inclinations of the line.

Master solution.
 b’ b1’ True length from β line
𝜃 Triangle formed
FV TL

𝜃
a’ 1’

X Y

𝜙
b1
a
TV TL

b b2
Inclinations of AB to HP and VP

(1).To HP = angle between AB and ab

(Trapezium on HP provides θ )

(2).To VP = angle between AB and a’b’

(Trapezium on VP provides φ )
 For Tv
A in First quadrant
VP

a’

LoS
Projector

A
Y For
F v

Pro
je LoS
cto HP
r
X
a
 b1’ b3’

a' 1’

vt' 3’
b5’

ht' 5’