PERFORM MAINTENANCE
Once your tools are cleaned, they're ready to be sharpened. When
sharpening, try to maintain the original factory bevel or angle.
For pruners, use a whetstone because it produces a very sharp
cutting edge. Depending on the type of whetstone, apply a few drops
of oil or water to the stone.
With the beveled side of the blade against the stone, rub the sharp
edge of the blade toward the stone in a curved motion, as if you were
trying to shave off a thin slice from the stone.
Once your tools are cleaned, they're ready to be sharpened. When
sharpening, try to maintain the original factory bevel or angle. For
pruners, use a whetstone because it produces a very sharp cutting
edge. Depending on the type of whetstone, apply a few drops of oil
or water to the stone. With the beveled side of the blade against the
stone, rub the sharp edge of the blade toward the stone in a curved
motion, as if you were trying to shave off a thin slice from the stone.
Farm implements like ordinary plow and wooden harrow should be
checked thoroughly before use. Loosened bolts and nuts should be
tightened firmly. Disc plow and harrow should also be lubricated on
their moving parts like bearings. Tractors should be tuned-up very
well by skilled operator. Check on their oil, lubricant, fuel and
cooling system.
FARM INPUTS AND LABOR
FARM INPUTS
They are defined as products permitted for use in organic farming. These
include feedstuffs, fertilizers and permitted plant protection products. The
resources that are used in farm production.
The following are examples:
Seed is a material which is used for planting or regeneration purpose.
However scientifically, it is a fertilized matured ovule together covered
with seed coat and it is a propagating material. Thus, seed is the most vital
and crucial input for crop production.
Fertilizer is a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to
increase its fertility. There are two types of fertilizer; organic and
inorganic.
Pesticide is a substance used for destroying insects or other
organisms harmful to cultivated plants or animals.
FARM LABOR
Farm labor is the manpower to perform agricultural works such as
land preparation, planting, sowing, plant caring, maintenance,
harvesting, and storing. It is the comprehensive efforts by an
individual or group of men to successfully fulfill the needs of the
demand of farm operations.
ESTIMATING FARM INPUTS AND LABOR
REQUIREMENTS
Direction: Follow the instructions below.
[Link] a vegetable farm near to your school or home
[Link] the following data of the ff:
a. Area
b. Crop
c. Age of crop
d. Quantity of planting materials (in kgs)
e. Number of workers prepared the land
f. Number of days consumed in preparing the area
g. Amount of salary given to each worker during land preparation
ESTIMATING FARM INPUTS AND LABOR
REQUIREMENTS
h. Number of worker planted the area
i. Number of days consumed in planting the area
j. Amount of salary paid in planting the area
k. Number of worker fertilized the area from planting up to the
date of this survey.
l. Quantity of fertilizer used from planting up to the date where
survey was made
m. Amount of salary paid in applying fertilizer from planting to
the date of this survey
n. Quantity of fertilizer to be used after the survey until
harvesting
ESTIMATING FARM INPUTS AND LABOR
REQUIREMENTS
o. Number of workers required to perform fertilization after
the survey until final harvesting
p. Amount of salary needed for fertilizer application after this
survey until harvesting
q. Estimated irrigation expenses from planting up to harvesting r.
Estimated worker hired to perform irrigation from planting to
harvesting.
s. Estimated days for spraying pesticides
t. Estimated workers needed for spraying insecticides
u. Estimated cost of insecticide used in spraying
v. Workers salary during spraying of insecticides
ESTIMATING FARM INPUTS AND LABOR
REQUIREMENTS
w. Estimated number of weeding operation
x. Estimated worker needed in weeding
y. Workers salary during weeding
z. Estimated worker employ during harvesting
3. Present your data in tabular form
BASIC CALCULATION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Net Income- the value
Area- refers to the size of the surface
Graph- a drawing in which the relationship between two (or more)
items of information (e.g. Time and plant growth) is shown in a
symbolic way
Gross Income/Sales- the equivalent value of the product sold
Interest- the corresponding value that will be added to the principal
as payment for using money of the lender remains after all the
expenses have been deducted from the gross income or sales
Principal –refers to the amount you owed Volume- the content of a
body or object
DEFINITION OF TERMS
MAD( Man Animal Day) refers to the number of day/s the work
will be completed by 1 person and 1 animal.
MD-(Manday) refers to the number of day/s the work will be
completed by 1 person
METRIC CONVERSIONS
The basic unit of length in the metric system is the meter (m). One
meter can be divided into 10 decimeters (dm), 100 centimeters (cm)
or 1000 millimeters (mm); 100 m equals to 1 hectometer (hm); while
1000 m is 1 kilometer (km).
PLANS AND DRAWING
HOW CROPS ARE ARRANGED IN ROW
PLANTING
Row planting as applied in conventional horizontal farming or
gardening is a system of growing crops in linear pattern in at least one
direction rather than planting without any distinct arrangement. It is
practiced in most crops whether direct seeded, transplanted or grown
from vegetative planting materials, both in monocropping and multiple
cropping.
The specific advantages of row planting over broadcasting or scatter
planting include the following:
(1)light absorption is maximized and, conversely, the excessive shading
effect of other plants is minimized thus favoring more efficient
photosynthesis and improved crop yield;
(2)wind passage along the interrows is enhanced which increases gas
exchanges and prevents excessive humidity;
(3)access through the interrows facilitates cultivation, weeding, and
other farm operations including hauling;
(4)movement within the crop area is convenient and allows close
inspection of individual plants; and
(5)visibility is enhanced.
Row Planting Arrangement
Row-planted crops are either arranged in equidistant single rows or
in multiple rows. Planting in single rows is most common in
monocropping or sole cropping, the growing of a single crop.
In the hill method of planting crops by direct seeding, the crops are
arranged, singly or in group, in uniform distances.
In the drill method, the only consideration is a uniform number of
plants per linear meter.
In row-planted fruit trees and other perennial crops like coconut, oil
palm and rubber, the common types of planting or spatial arrangement
are the square, rectangular, quincunx, and triangular or hexagonal.
Multiple row planting is a system of growing crops in blocks or strips of 2 or
more rows.
SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT IN
INTERCROPPING
Spatial arrangement is the systematic apportioning of the farm area
or any growing surface for crop production. In multiple cropping by
intercropping, the intercrop can be planted in any of the following
ways:
(1)within the rows of the maincrop,
(2)between the rows of the maincrop, and
(3)in replacement series
Strip intercropping - simultaneous growing of 6 rows corn and 12rows
soybean in alternating strips.
METHODS OF PLANTING CROPS
1. Direct Seeding or direct sowing - is a method of planting in which
seeds are directly planted on the ground in the farm or any growing
surface.
METHODS OF PLANTING CROPS
2. Indirect Seeding - is a method of planting seeds in a seedbed. Once
ready, you then transplant the plant into a field.
Seed box transplanting
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Put 1 inch border lines on your bond paper
2. Use the following data in making your layout. Imagine that 1 cm on
your drawing is equivalent to 1m
a. Width= 16 m
b. Length=19 m
c. Planting distance
Between row=1m
Between hill=0.5 m
3. Sketch inside the border lines your plot layout
4. Submit your output to your teacher
Assessment:
Your work will be evaluated using the given criteria.
The students must have at least attained 75 percent to pass the lesson.
1. Accuracy 70%
2. Presentation 20%
3. Neatness 10 %
IRRIGATION SYSTEM PLAN AND DESIGN
Water required by crops is supplied by nature in the form of
precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or its distribution does
not coincide with demand peaks, it is then necessary to supply it
artificially, by irrigation. Several irrigation methods are available,
and the selection of one depends on factors such as water
availability, crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and
associated cost.
FUNCTIONS OF FARM IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The primary function of farm irrigation systems is to supply crops with
irrigation water in the quantities and at the time it is needed. Specific
function
includes:
1. Diverting water from the water source.
2. Conveying it to individual fields within the farm.
3. Distributing it within each field.
4. Providing a means for measuring and regulating flows.
DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
A. FURROW IRRIGATION BY CUTTING
THE RIDGE
DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
B. BORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
B. BORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. In border irrigation, controlled surface flooding is practiced
whereby the field is divided up into strips by parallel ridges or dikes
and each strip is irrigated separately by introducing water upstream
and it progressively covers the entire strip.
2. Border irrigation is suited for crops that can withstand flooding
for a short time e.g. wheat.
3. It can be used for all crops provided that the system is designated
to provide the needed water control for irrigation of crops.
4. It is suited to soils between extremely high and very low
infiltration rates.
5. In border irrigation, water is applied slowly.
B. BORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
6. The root zone is applied with water gradually down the field.
7. At a time, the application flow is cut-off to reduce water loses.
8. Ideally, there is no runoff and deep percolation.
9. The problem is that the time to cut off the inflow is difficult to
determine.