DIRECT RETAINER
Definition: “That component of a removable
partial denture used to retain and prevent
dislodgment, consisting of a clasp assembly or
precision attachment.” The Academy of Prosthodontics
(1999). Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms (7th ed). St. Louis: Mosby.
Parts:
- Reciprocal Arm
-Occlusal Rest
- Retentive Arm
An OCCLUSAL REST:
- Transfers stress to the abutment tooth
- Resists movement of the prosthesis in a cervical direction
-Stabilizes the retentive arm in the proper position
Avoid placing the rest in Glass Ionomer – and choose composite
over amalgam for Class II situations.
Less than 90
degree angle to
make rest seat
“positive”
Marginal ridge lowered Deepest portion of
to allow sufficient rest seat; deeper
thickness without than reduced
creating an occlusal marginal ridge area
interference.
OCCLUSAL RESTS - POSTERIOR
The image on the right shows a
conventional occlusal rest seat prepared
in a gold inlay.
The images below show an elongated
occlusal rest (left) and continuous
occlusal rest (right). These are
occasionally used to distribute the load
more evenly over a molar tooth, or to
stabilize a lone-standing tooth (and
prevent it from drifting).
OCCLUSAL REST: ANTERIOR
Must be placed in a prepared recess
or be part of a material added to the
lingual aspect of an anterior tooth to
make the rest “positive”
WRONG RIGHT
MANIBULAR ARCH MAXILLARY ARCH
- Raised Cingulum* - Cingulum Ball*
- Cingulum Ledge* - Cingulum Ledge (Groove)*
- Incisal Ledge (Notch) - Raised Cingulum
- Cingulum Ball - Incisal Ledge (Notch)
Listed in decreasing order of frequency used.
(* Most often used at U of M)
OCCLUSAL REST: ANTERIOR - Maxillary
Cingulum Ball -
A small round bur type rest seat
placed in the mesial or distal lingual
cingulum area cervical to any
opposing occlusal contact.
When placing, care is taken not to
undercut the axial wall area to the
path of placement of the rpd.
Cingulum Ledge (Groove) -
Rest seat needs to be deep enough to
provide a positive stop for the rest. If
dentine is exposed and sensitive,
place a composite restoration.
Notice the positive seat created by
rest preparation.
OCCLUSAL REST: ANTERIOR - Mandibular
Raised Cingulum -
- A small, semilunar shaped addition to the lingual of the anterior
tooth that is part of a crown or formed from composite restorative
material.
- It is the best rest type for a mandibular anterior tooth that is the
direct retainer abutment since it can easily be made positive and
also provides better bracing potential than any other anterior rest
seat.
Rest as part of a Class I situation prior Composite added to
crown to rest seat addition canine and incisor to
in composite form rest seat
OCCLUSAL REST: ANTERIOR - Mandibular
Incisal Notch -
- Used infrequently because it is unesthetic and places the force
application to the tooth some distance from the alveolar bone
level.
- Used only when a raised cingulum or ledge type rest are not
feasible.
Incisal notch in distal Lingual plate major
incisal corner of connector has rest seat
canines; teeth rotated coverage as part of it
too much to use a
better type of rest seat
RECIPROCAL ARM (Reciprocation)
Definition: “A component of the clasp assembly
specifically designed to provide reciprocation by
engaging a reciprocal guiding plane; it counteracts the
action of the clasp during removal and insertion of the
removable partial denture.”
Reciprocation: “The mechanism by which lateral forces
generated by a retentive clasp passing over a height of
contour are counterbalanced by a reciprocal clasp
passing along a reciprocal guiding plane.”
Guiding Plane: “A vertical parallel surface on an
abutment tooth oriented so as to contribute to the
direction of the path of placement and removal of a
removable partial denture.”
RECIPROCAL ARM - Functions:
- Resists lateral movement of the prosthesis
- Resists potential orthodontic movement of the abutment
tooth generated by the retentive arm during placement
and removal of the rpd
Types: Horizontal
Horizontal arm on Horizontal arm is
Horizontal arm on
molar - it is rigid, non- incorporated into
a premolar
flexible, and placed in the lingual plate
a non-retentive area major connector
RECIPROCAL ARM - Types: R.P.I. System
- A clasp assembly system that achieves reciprocation using two of
its three components
- This system lacks bracing and lateral stress control that is found
with a horizontal reciprocal arm
This image removed This image removed
for copyright for copyright
reasons reasons
Proximal plate and RPD framework on
Proximal plate
mesial minor cast showing the
extends onto the
connector combine to lingual surface with lingual components
provide reciprocation mesial connector of the R.P.I. system
contacting tooth at
“c”
RETENTIVE ARM (CLASP)-
Defintion: 1. “A clasp specifically designed to provide retention by
engaging an undercut.” 2. “A flexible segment of a removable partial
denture that engages an undercut on an abutment and that is
designed to retain the prosthesis.”
Function - provides resistance to vertical displacement of the rpd.
Types of clasps: (material) Types of Clasps:(approach
to undercut)
1. Cast 1. Suprabulge (occlusal
approach)
- circumferential - cast
- bar (infrabulge) - wrought
2. Wrought 2. Infrabulge (gingival approach)
- circumferential - cast
RETENTIVE ARM (CLASP) -
Retentive Surface Material:
Acceptable: enamel, gold, porcelain, composite
Not acceptable: amalgam, glass ionomer
Types of Clasps: (material)
Remote
soldered
or laser
welded
Cast half-round Cast I-bar clasp Wrought wire (19 ga.)
circumferential on a canine clasp soldered to
clasp on a molar framework on a
premolar
INDIRECT RETAINER
(Class I and II RPD’s only)
Definition: “The component of a removable
partial denture that assists the direct
retainer(s) in preventing displacement of the
distal extension denture base by functioning
through lever action on the side opposite of
the fulcrum line when the denture base
moves away from the tissues in pure rotation
around the fulcrum line.
FULCRUM LINES
• Page 96 of your text (you need to know this material – all three
columns, especially fulcrum and retentive fulcrum axes.)
• Definition: FULCRUM LINE AXIS (sometimes referred to just as
FULCRUM LINE) An imaginary line, connecting the most distal
occlusal rests, around which a removable partial denture tends to
rotate TOWARDS the tissue under masticatory forces.
• Definition: RETENTIVE FULCRUM LINE AXIS – Movement of the
base AWAY from the ridge around an imaginary line connecting the
retentive clasp tips. (This is the axis relevant to indirect retention.)
INDIRECT RETAINER -
Effectiveness and Placement:
- Usually it is a rest seat placed anterior the the fulcrum line on
the side opposite the extension base. Theoretically, the further
anterior the rest seat is placed the more effective it is. The rest
seat is usually located on a canine or first premolar mesial fossae.
Note the placement of a rest seat in
the mesial fossae of the first premolar
that prevents tissue-ward movement
of the major connector. It is attached
to the major connector by a minor
connector.
The RPD base as shown by arrows can
rotate away from the ridge around the
fulcrum pt. “F” if foods stick to the
base during function. This would cause
the major connector to rotate into the
underlying mucosa and produce
soreness.
INDIRECT RETAINER - Class I RPD Usage:
Indirect
retainers
Primary fulcrum
line through
most distal rest
seats
Practically, only
one indirect
retainer is needed
for a class I rpd as
shown on the right
two pictures.
Usually, the site
furthest from the
Ideally , a class I rpd fulcrum line is
has two indirect chosen.
retainers as shown
above; one for each
extension base
INDIRECT RETAINER -
Class II RPD Usage:
Indirect retainer Indirect retainer Indirect retainer rest on
rest seat; only rest seat tooth #28; only a
one and on the secondary rest seat on the
side opposite the mesial of tooth #21 to
extension base support the lingual plate
major connector
Primary fulcrum
line through most
distal rest seats