Network
Fundamentals
NWF-311
TCP/IP MODEL
PRE S E NTE D BY: TAMARA MUMBA CH I TAW O
CO M P UTI NG AND INFO R MATION TE CH N O LO GY D E PA RT M E NT
PHONE: 0994579495 EMAIL: tmumba@[Link]
Content
History of TCP/IP
Role of TCP/IP
How TCP/IP Works
TCP/IP Layers and Protocols
TCP/IP versus OSI Model
History of TCP/IP
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA),
the research branch of the U.S. Department of Defense,
created the TCP/IP model in the 1970s for use in ARPANET, a
wide area network that preceded the internet. TCP/IP was
originally designed for the Unix operating system.
The TCP/IP model and its related protocols are now
maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of
communication protocols used to interconnect network
devices on the internet.
It can also be used as a communications protocol in a
private network (an intranet or an extranet).
Role of TCP/IP
TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by
providing end-to-end communications that identify how it
should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted,
routed and received at the destination.
TCP/IP
The two main protocols in the internet protocol suite serve specific
functions;
TCP defines how applications can create channels of
communication across a network. It also manages how a message
is assembled into smaller packets before they are then transmitted
over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the
destination address.
IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it
reaches the right destination. Each gateway computer on the
network checks this IP address to determine where to forward the
message.
How TCP/IP works
TCP/IP uses the client/server model of communication in which a
user or machine (a client) is provided a service (like sending a
webpage) by another computer (a server) in the network.
TCP/IP suite of protocols is classified as stateless, (meaning each
client request is considered new because it is unrelated to previous
requests) This frees up network paths so they can be used
continuously.
However, the transport layer is stateful meaning once It transmits a
single message, its connection active until all the packets in a
message have been received and reassembled at the destination.
TCP/IP Model Layers
The network layer, also called the internet layer, deals with
packets and connects independent networks to transport
the packets across network boundaries. The network layer
protocols are the IP and the Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP), which is used for error reporting.
The physical layer consists of protocols that operate only on
a link -- the network component that interconnects nodes or
hosts in the network. The protocols in this layer include
Ethernet for local area networks (LANs) and the Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP).
TCP/IP Model Layers
•The application layer provides applications with standardized data
exchange. Its protocols include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (
SNMP).
•The transport layer is responsible for maintaining end-to-end
communications across the network. TCP handles communications
between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing and reliability.
The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP),
which is sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes.
Advantages of TCP/IP
TCP/IP is non-proprietary therefore the internet protocol
suite can be modified easily.
It is compatible with all operating systems, so it can
communicate with any other system.
The internet protocol suite is also compatible with all types
of computer hardware and networks.
Similarities between TCP/IP
model and OSI model
Both are logical models.
Both divide the network communication process into layers.
Both provide a framework for creating and implementing networking standards
and devices.
In both models, a single layer defines a particular functionality and set
standards for that functionality only.
Both models allow a manufacturer to make devices and network components
that can co-exist and work with the devices and components made by other
manufacturers.
Both models simplify troubleshooting process by dividing complex functions
into simpler components.
Differences between OSI
model and TCP/IP model
OSI Layer model has seven layers while TCP/IP model has four layers.
OSI Layer model is no longer used while TCP/IP is still used in computer
networking.
To define the functionality of upper layers, OSI uses three separate layers
(application, presentation and session) while TCP/IP uses a single layer
(application).
OSI uses two separate layers (Physical and Data link) to define the functionality
of bottom layers while TCP/IP uses a single layer (Link) for the same.
To define the routing protocols and standards, OSI uses Network layer while
TCP/IP uses Internet layer.
In comparison of TCP/IP model, OSI model is well documented and explains
standards and protocols in more details.
References
Dye M.A., McDonald R. & Rufi A.W., “Network Fundamentals CCNA
Network Exploration Guide”, Chapter 2, Cisco Press
Fitzgerald J. & Dennis A., “Business Data Communications & Networking”,
chapter 5, John Wiley and Sons
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