Introduction to

Computing
CHAPTER 2
•Computers store and process data
using number systems
•Essential for data encoding, storage,
and processing
•Common systems: Decimal, Binary, Octal,
Hexadecimal
Decimal Number System
(Base 10)
•Most familiar system (used in daily
life)
•Digits: 0 to 9
•Base: 10
•Example: 274 = 2×10² + 7×10¹ + 4×10⁰
Binary Number System
(Base 2)
•Used by computers
•Digits: 0 and 1
•Each digit = 1 bit
•Example: 1011 = 1×2³ + 0×2² + 1×2¹ +
1×2⁰ = 11
Octal Number System (Base
8)
•Digits: 0 to 7
•Often used as a shorthand for
binary (3 bits per digit)
•Example: 75₈ = 7×8¹ + 5×8⁰ = 61₁₀
Hexadecimal Number
System (Base 16)
•Digits: 0–9 and A–F (A=10, B=11, C=12,
D=13, E=14, F=15)
•Used in memory addresses, colors in
HTML/CSS, etc.
•Example: 2F = 2×16¹ + 15×16⁰ = 47
Conversion Between
Number Systems
•Decimal to Binary / Binary to
Decimal
•Binary to Hex / Hex to Binary
Sample Conversion
Example: Convert 13₁₀ to Binary
•13 ÷ 2 = 6 remainder 1
•6 ÷ 2 = 3 remainder 0
•3 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 1
•1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1
•Answer: 1101₂
 Decimal to binary conversion
1. Convert (25)10 to ( ) 2

2 25
2 12 1
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
(25)10 to (11001 ) 2
 Decimal to binary conversion
1. Convert (28)10 to ( ) 2

2 28
2 14 0
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
(28)10 to ( 11100) 2
 Binary to decimal conversion

1. Convert (1011010)2 to ( ) 10
(1011010)2 = 1x26 + 1x24 + 1x23 + 1x21
= 64 + 16 + 8 + 2
= (90)10

(1011010)2 to (90) 10
 Binary to decimal conversion
1.
Convert (11101)2 to ( ) 10
(11101)2 = 1x24+ 1x23+ 1x22 + 1x20
= 16 + 8 + 4 + 1
= (29)10

(11101)2 to (29) 10
1. Binary to Decimal
11001102 to ()10

2. Decimal to Binary
4510 to ()2
 Binary to Octal conversion
1. Convert binary number 100101102 into octal number.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

2
1
1
0 3
2

4
0
2
1
1
0
2
2

4
1
2
1
1
0
1
6
 Cont. Binary to Octal conversion
1. Convert binary number 100101102 into octal number.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

2 1
1 0
2  Add the number on the 1st row
where the 1s are placed and put it
4 2 1 into the 3rd row as the answer.
0 1 0
2  Get the number at the 3rd row as
the answer which is 226.
4 2 1
1 1 0
6
100101102 = 2268
 Binary to Hexadecimal conversion
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

8
1
4
0
2
0
1
1
2
9

8
0
4
1
2
1
1
0 1
6
 Cont. Binary to Hexadecimal conversion
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1  Add the number on the 1st row
9 where the 1s are placed (2nd row)
and put it into the 3rd row.
8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0  The answer is 96.
6

100101102 = 9616
 Octal to Binary Conversion
1. 248 = ( )2
16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 0

4 2 1
1 0
2
 Don’t include the blank on the
4 2 1
blue table as 0.
1 0 0  Always 1 is the starting number
4 of a binary.

248 = (10100)2
 Octal to Binary Conversion
1. 268 = ( )2
16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0

4 2 1
1 0
2
 Don’t include the blank on the
4 2 1
blue table as 0.
1 1 0  Always 1 is the starting number
6 of a binary.

268 = (10110)2
Conclusion
Number systems are fundamental in IT for data
representation, processing, storage,
programming, and user interaction. Mastery of
these systems helps IT professionals work
efficiently with both hardware and software
systems.
Activity 3
½ pad paper
1. Binary to Octal Conversion
•1110012 to ()8

2. Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

•11100112 to ()16
Activity 4
1 whole pad paper
1. Convert binary into hexadecimal number.
a. 1110001112
b. 10001011002
2. Convert binary into octal number.
c. 11011111112
d. 11110110012
3. Convert Octal to Binary number
e. 778 = ( )2
f. 578 = ( )2