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Chapter No. 17 The Social Sector I
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Presented by: Saad Mansoor (8101) Muhammad Shoaib (4612)
17.1: International And Regional Comparisons:
Performance of Pakistan in the social sector of countries: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Nigeria & China Vietnam
Selection
Outlier:
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (1/2) Comparisons: GNP in US $ China, Sri Lanka India & Bangladesh Substantially improved their GNP Pakistan, Ghana & Nigeria has not
Pakistan is now increasingly looking like a poor underdeveloped country
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (1/2) Comparisons: Human Development Index (HDI) a larger & broader composite indicator It includes Life expectancy, educational attainment, representing knowledge & real GDP Reverse order: the higher the number, the worst the nature and extent of social development
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (1/2) Comparisons: Pakistans rank was 128th out of 174 countries (1993) Fallen to 144th position (2003)
Sri Lanka was the best in our sample (97th) & Bangladesh the worst (146th)
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (1/2) Comparisons: Worst 27 performers from 149 to 175 are all African countries. 34 countries are in Low Human Development category out of these only 4 are outside Africa.
Pakistan at 144 happens to be one of them
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (1/2) Comparisons: China & India; the tow most populous countries Pakistan used to be 8th most populous but now has risen to 6th position
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (1/2) Comparisons: Education one of the most important statistics cited for Social Development
91% Vietnamese & 90% Sri Lankan women are literate
While only 29% of Pakistani women can read & write
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (2/2) Comparisons: Bangladesh & Pakistan are also the worst performers when it comes to labour force participation by women: only 8 % of Bangladeshi and 13 % of Pakistani women are in labour force
Compared to 47% for the very poor Vietnam
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (2/2) Comparisons: GDI, created by UNDP, measures the inequalities between men & women.
Showing differences of life expectancy; adult literacy; primary, secondary & tertiary enrolment rates; and standard of living.
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (2/2) Comparisons: Out of 175 countries, Pakistan & Nigeria perform the worst in our sample While in Sri Lanka & China, the gender difference between men & women is less severe The best GDI countries are also those 3 countries which top the HDI (Norway, Iceland & Sweden)
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International And Regional Table 17.1 (2/2) Comparisons: Human Poverty Index: measures deprivations in terms of vulnerability to early death, exclusion from the world of learning and knowledge and lack of access to basic health & water amenities. Pakistan as the worst performers in the last third of the list of 94, where one third of the population is below the poverty line
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International And Regional Comparisons: Conclusion: Pakistans economic & social & human profile looks more like that of African countries Most countries in our sample have increased their per capita income in the period 1993-2003, EXCEPT Pakistan Vietnam with a per capita income equivalent to Pakistan, does extremely well in term of social, human & gender indicators. Nigeria & Ghana which have lower per capita incomes, have better literacy rates than Pakistan Pakistans performance seems to be somewhat better in term of health.
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17.2: Planning for the Social Sectors:
Pakistan The
has implemented nine 5 year.
reason why planning is introduced in this chapter that it is in the social sector that the role of the government has been most noticeable. green revolution is a clear example of how private sector responded to government incentives and priorities.
The
Evaluation
of social sector is also an evaluation of government policy and 4/21/12 planning mechanisms
17.3: The Health Sector:
17.3.1: Statistics:
Life Expectancy of both males & females has continued to increase over the years. In 1965 women in Pakistan lived to an age of 44.5 years, now expected to live 19 years longer The overall life expectancy rate also increased in this period from 45.8 years to 63.5. In 36 years infant morality rate fell by about 37% from 149 to 82%
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The Health Sector (Statistic): Most of the diseases in Pakistan are caused by inadequate and contaminated sources of water. Table 17.3 shows the improvement in drinking water.
Table 17.4 Shows the prevalence of diseases in Pakistan
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The Health Sector (Statistic): Table 17.5 & 17.6 show the curative side of the health sector, where the number of health facilities and medical personnel are give.
The number of hospitals has increased by 2.5 times since 1955, while the number of hospital beds has increased fourfold & the population per bed has fallen by about a quarter.
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The Health Sector :
17.3.2: The Issues:
Poor quality of the available health services in the public and private sector. A very high focus on curative, rather than preventive, health and medical care. Inequitable access by geographical location, with most facilities located in urban areas. Access to health facilities determined by wealth and income, with the rich having easy access to the best facilities. Doctors are being trained who are not aware of , or functional in, the local environment. A huge private sector, but mainly in curative care, with little involvement in preventive health. Poor delivery of health services and, like the rest of the public sector, no accountability. 4/21/12 Government spends only 0.7% of GDP on health.
17.4: Education:
17.4.1: Statistics:
One
of the most important statistics in the social sector is the literacy rate. literacy rate is one the lowest in the world
Risen 3.5 times since 1951
Pakistans
For females is still particularly poor
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Education (Statistic): Table 17.9 shows the literacy rates from the 1972,1981 & 1998 censuses, and indicates extensive regional disparities
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In rural areas, the literacy rate for women was extremely In Karachi low literacy rate was 55 % in 1981, it was only 8.2% in
Education (Statistic):
Data from the Social Policy and Development Centers Annual Review for 2002/2003 on the State of Education shows that Gross Enrolment Rate (GRE) at the primary level has increased from 69% (1992/93) to around 74%.
Given the fact that fewer girls than boys go to school, it is encouraging to see that for girls this rate has gone up from 52% (1992/93) to 63% in (2000/01), while that for boys has actually fallen, from 85% to 84% in the same period.
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Education (Statistic): Table 17.10 shows provincial data for Net Primary Enrolment Rate which is age-specific, and here the situation is worsepromising trend Huge Most than for the GRE. increase in seems to be emerging. the dropout Shows rates in the worrying period 1996trends 2000
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Education (Statistic):
SPDC report puts forward number of explanations for this overall downtrend trend. Average growth in real recurring expenditure on education in the period 1997-2002, fell in Punjab & N.W.F.P. and grew in both Sindh & Balochistan. Another explanation for low enrolment rates in Pakistan in the 1990s, could be the rise in poverty levels, rising from 17% to 33 %.
SPDC report shows a positive relation between income and school enrolment.
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Education (Statistic): Table 17.11 shows a phenomenal growth in the number of educational institutions at all levels since 1959/60 and a similar trend in the number of students. Number of Primary Increased 2.5 students School have times, increased by increased by number of 29 times with nine times, students has only a while been six fold. sevenfold enrolment increase in has gone up number of tenfold universities.
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Education (Statistic):
Table 17.12 shows the expenditure on education.
Increased from 1.4% to 2.3%
But fell to 1.85%
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Education :
17.4.2: The Issues:
Private sector and non-governmental organizations Well-devised monitoring policy Falling standards & inadequate services Girls education Encouraging the informal sector
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17.5: Population Welfare and Family Planning:
Lack Lack
17.5.1: Evolution: Pakistan one of the first countries to initiate national family and population program.
of political commitment of funding management in leadership, management and
Weak
Changes
focus
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Population Welfare and Family Planning (Evolution) : In 1988 Seventh Five-Year Plan was Launched;
Establishment of Family Welfare centers Provisions for gynecological and obstetric services Implementation of Major Information, Education and Communication Program
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Population Welfare and Family Planning:
17.5.2; Knowledge and 1911 Family Welfare Clinics Usage:
218 Reproductive Health Services Centers 7584 Mobile Service Units
Evidence about the knowledge and use of family planning techniques in Pakistan has shown that a very high percentage of married urban women (97%) and 94% of rural women are aware of some form of modern birth control.
Education plays am important role: as the level of 4/21/12 education among women rises, so does their
Population Welfare and Family Planning:
17.5.3; Issues:
Quality of services available are uneven and poor.
In rural areas only 5% of married women have access to family planning services.
Adequate supply is lacking
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17.6: Urbanization and Housing:
17.6.1: The Extent of Urbanization:
Growth
in urban population
Three
Factors:
Natural population increase. Transformation of rural areas. Migration
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17.6: Urbanization and Housing:
17.6.2: Housing in Cities:
Arif
Hasan, in his Seven Reports on Housing, evaluates the causes for the failure of government housing policies. why an alternative, informal market emerges and how it plays a significant role in providing the housing to low-income groups.
Explain
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Population Welfare and Family Planning Housing in Cities: Failure of Karachi Master Plan programmes. A number of factors are identified:
An affluent middle class Development on too small a scale The developers lobby The socioeconomics of the poor The high cost of development and/or lease People want land immediately Framing and implementation of government policies
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Thank You
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