IPv6 Intro Part 1: Overview and Addressing Basics

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Objectives
Describe IPv4 issues and workarounds. Describe IPv6 features and benefits. Describe the IPv6 header structure. Describe the basics of IPv6 addressing.

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IPv4 Issues and IPv6 Benefits

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The Motivation for Moving to IPv6

The ability to scale networks for future demands requires a large supply of IP addresses and improved mobility.
IPv6 combines expanded addressing with a more efficient header. IPv6 satisfies the complex requirements of hierarchical addressing.

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The Internet Is Growing

In 2009, only 21% of the world population was connected.

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Explosion of New IP-Enabled Devices

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IPv4 Address Depletion

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IPv4 Address Depletion

NAT, VLSM and CIDR were developed as workarounds and have helped to extend the life of IPv4. In October 2010, less than 5% of the public IPv4 addresses remained unallocated.

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Other IPv4 Issues

Internet routing table expansion Lack of true end-to-end model due to NAT

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What Happened to IPv5?

The Internet Stream Protocol (ST) was developed to experiment with voice, video and distributed simulation. Newer ST2 packets used IP version number 5 in the header. Although not officially know as IPv5, ST2 is considered to be the closest thing. The next Internet protocol became IPv6.

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Features and Benefits of IPv6

Larger address space Elimination of public-to-private NAT Elimination of broadcast addresses Simplified header for improved router efficiency Support for mobility and security Many devices and applications already support IPv6

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Features and Benefits of IPv6 - Continued

Prefix renumbering simplified Multiple addresses per interface Address autoconfiguration
No requirement for DHCP

Link-local and globally routable addresses Multiple-level hierarchy by design

More efficient route aggregation

Transition mechanisms from IPV4 to IPV6

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Who is Using IPv6?

Governments Corporations Universities Internet Service Providers Google Facebook

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IP Address Space Allocated to ARIN

IPv6 Allocation Blocks
2001:0400::/23 2001:1800::/23 2001:4800::/23 2600:0000::/12 2610:0000::/23 2620:0000::/23

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IPv6 Prefix Allocation Hierarchy and Policy Example

IANA 2001::/3

AfriNIC ::/12 to::/23

APNIC ::/12 to::/23

ARIN ::/12 to::/23

LACNIC ::/12 to::/23

RIPE NCC ::/12 to::/23

ISP ISP ISP/32 /32 /32

ISP ISP ISP/32 /32 /32

ISP ISP ISP/32 /32 /32

ISP ISP ISP/32 /32 /32

ISP ISP ISP/32 /32 /32

Site Site /48 Site /48 /48

IPv6 Intro Part 1

Site Site /48 Site /48 /48

Site Site /48 Site /48 /48

Site Site /48 Site /48 /48

Cisco Public

Site Site /48 Site /48 /48

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2007 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

IPv6 Address Allocation Process

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Is IPv4 Obsolete?
IPv4 is in no danger of disappearing overnight. It will coexist with IPv6 and then gradually be replaced. IPv6 provides several transition options including:
Dual stack Tunneling mechanisms NAT-PT (Deprecated)

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Where is IPv6 Covered In CCNA?

Discovery Series
Networking for Home and Small Businesses
No coverage

Working at a Small-to-Medium Business or ISP

4.1.6

Introducing Routing and Switching in the Enterprise

5.2.1

Designing and Supporting Computer Networks

6.3

Exploration Series
Network Fundamentals
6.3.6

Routing Protocols and Concepts

1.1.3, 3.1.1, 5.1.1, 10.2.3, 11.1.1, 11.7.1

LAN Switching and Wireless

no coverage

Accessing the WAN

7.0.1, 7.3, 7.5.1
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IPv6 Header Structure

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IPv6 Header Improvements

Improved routing efficiency No requirement for processing checksums Simpler and more efficient extension header mechanisms Flow labels for per-flow processing

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IPv4 Header vs. IPv6 Header

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Protocol and Next Header Fields

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Extension Headers
The Next Header field identifies what follows the Destination Address field:

(Optional) Extension Header(s) Data

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Extension Headers
The destination node examines the first extension header (if any).

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Extension Header Options

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Extension Header Chain Order

Process Order 1 2 3 4 Extension Header Hop-by-hop options header Destination options header Routing header Fragment header Authentication header (AH) and ESP header Upper-layer header: TCP UDP Next-header value (protocol #) 0 60 43 44 ESP = 50 AH = 51 TCP = 6 UDP = 17

5
6

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IPv6 Addressing Overview

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IPv6 Addressing Overview

IPv6 increases the number of address bits by a factor of 4, from 32 to 128, providing a very large number of addressable nodes.
IPv4 = 32 bits
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

IPv6 = 128 bits

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

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IPv6 Address Specifics

The 128-bit IPv6 address is written using 32 hexadecimal numbers. The format is x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit hexadecimal field, therefore each x represents four hexadecimal digits. Example address:
2035:0001:2BC5:0000 : 0000:087C:0000:000A

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Abbreviating IPv6 Addresses

Leading 0s within each set of four hexadecimal digits can be omitted.
09C0 = 9C0 0000 = 0

A pair of colons (::) can be used, once within an address, to represent any number (a bunch) of successive zeros.

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IPv6 Address Abbreviation Example

2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B

2031:

0:130F:

0:

0: 9C0:876A:130B

2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B

2031:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B
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More IPv6 Address Abbreviation Examples

FF01:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:1

= FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
= FF01::1 E3D7:0000:0000:0000:51F4:00C8:C0A8:6420 = E3D7::51F4:C8:C0A8:6420 3FFE:0501:0008:0000:0260:97FF:FE40:EFAB = 3FFE:501:8:0:260:97FF:FE40:EFAB = 3FFE:501:8::260:97FF:FE40:EFAB
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IPv6 Address Components

An IPv6 address consists of two parts:
A subnet prefix An interface ID

IPv6 = 128 bits

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

Subnet prefix

Interface ID

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Subnet Prefix
IPv6 uses CIDR notation to denote the number of bits that represent the subnet. Example: FC00:0:0:1::1234/64 is really FC00:0000:0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:1234/64
The first 64-bits (FC00:0000:0000:0001) forms the address prefix. The last 64-bits (0000:0000:0000:1234) forms the Interface ID.

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Subnet Prefix
The prefix length is almost always /64.
However, IPv6 rules allow for either shorter or longer prefixes

Deploying a /64 IPv6 prefix on a device recommended.

Allows Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC)

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Interface Identifiers
IPv6 addresses on a link must be unique. Using the link prefix length, IPv6 hosts can automatically create a unique IPv6 address. The following Layer 2 protocols can dynamically create the IPv6 address interface ID:
Ethernet PPP HDLC NBMA, Frame Relay

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IPv6 Address Types

Address Type Description
One to One An address destined for a single interface. A packet sent to a unicast address is delivered to the interface identified by that address.

Topology

Unicast

Multicast

One to Many An address for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to a multicast address will be delivered to all interfaces identified by that address.

Anycast

One to Nearest (Allocated from Unicast) An address for a set of interfaces. In most cases these interfaces belong to different nodes. created automatically when a single unicast address is assigned to more than one interface. A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to the closest interface as determined by the IGP.

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IPv6 Unicast Address Scopes

Address types have well-defined destination scopes:
Link-local address Site-local address (replaced by Unique-local addresses) Global unicast address

Global
(Internet)

Site-Local

Link-Local

Note: Site-Local Address are deprecated in RFC 3879.

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IPv6 Unicast Address Scopes

Link-local addressesonly on single link, not routed
FE80 prefix

Unique-local addressesrouted within private network

FC00 prefix

Global unicast addressesglobally routable

2001 prefix most common

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Site-Local Addresses - Deprecated

Site-local addresses allowed devices in the same organization, or site, to exchange data.
Site-local addresses start with the prefix FEC0::/10.

They are analogous to IPv4's private address classes.

However, using them would also mean that NAT would be required and addresses would again not be end-to-end.

Site-local addresses are no longer supported (deprecated by RFC 3879).

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Multiple IPv6 Addresses per Interface

An interface can have multiple global IPv6 addresses. Typically, an interface is assigned a link-local and one (or more) global IPv6 address. For example, an Ethernet interface can have:
Link-local address (FE80::21B:D5FF:FE5B:A408)

Global unicast address

(2001:8:85A3:4289:21B:D5FF:FE5B:A408)

The Link-local address is used for local device communication. The Global address is used to provide Internet reachability.

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IPv6 Resources
[Link] [Link] [Link]

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