Carlos Cordeiro

Philips Research North America

Briarcliff Manor, NY

Dharma P. Agrawal
OBR Research Center for Distributed and Mobile Computing
University of Cincinnati, OH
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 1
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 2
 Table of Contents
Chapters:
1. Introduction
2. Routing in Ad hoc Networks
3. Broadcasting, Multicasting and Geocasting
4. Wireless LANs
5. Wireless PANs
6. Directional Antenna Systems
7. TCP over Ad Hoc Networks
8. Wireless Sensor Networks
9. Data Retrieval in Sensor Networks
10. Security
11. Integrating MANETs, WLANs and Cellular
Networks
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 3
 Chapter 1:


Introduction
Introduction
The Communication Puzzle
 Applications of MANETs
 Challenges
 Scalability
 Quality of Service
 Client-Server Model Shift
 Security
 Interoperation with the Internet
 Energy Conservation
 Node (MH) Cooperation
 Interoperation
 Book Organization
 Conclusions and Future Directions
 Homework Questions/Simulation Projects
 References
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 4
 1. Introduction
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)
 An ad hoc network

Formed as needed

Does not require support from any existing newtork infrastructure
Formal def. of MANET:
 An autonomous system of mobile nodes or MSs (also serving as

routers) connected by wireless links, the union of which forms a

communications network modeled in the form of an arbitrary
communication graph

Autonomous => does not require support from any existing network
infrastructure
 But might be able to use such support if available


Such support might be available from time to time
 Support could be: an Internet gateway or some fixed stations

Notice how different from cellular network
 Requires infrastructure (BS, MSC, backbone network, etc.) => not ad
hoc
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 5
 1 Introduction – cont. 1
 Characteristics of MANETs:
 Dynamically changing topology


Changing in an unpredictable manner
 Since nodes are free to move
 Limited power available to nodes (e.g., a battery)
 Usually communicates only with neighboring nodes

Among other reasons, to save power
 Peer-to-peer

No more or less “important” nodes
 Information transmission via store-and-forward (fig)

Using multi-hop routing Asymmetric =
unidirectional -

MSs also serve as routers when xmission
Moving to a new location power of nodes on
MS2 MS2 its ends is different
(e.g., MS4 stronger
MS4 than MS7)
MS3 Asymmetric
MS5 link
Symmetric link MS7
MS1and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal,
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro MS6 All rights reserved. 6
 A Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET)
MH2
MH2

MH4
MH3 Asymmetric link
MH5

Symmetric link MH7

MH1 MH6

Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 7
 1 Introduction – cont. 2

 As nodes move:
 Connectivity changes

 Topology information must be updated


E.g., MS2 changes attachment: from MS3 to MS4
 Communication characteristics for MANETs:
 Each node equipped with a wireless transmitter and a

receiver with an appropriate antenna

 Impossible to have all nodes within each other’s radio

range
 When the nodes are close by (within each others radio range) ,

they can communicate directly


If direct comm. => no routing needed (one hop)
 Wireless connectivity modeled by a random multi-hop
graph exists between the nodes
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 8
 Characteristics of a
MANET
 An autonomous system of nodes (Mobile Hosts:
MHs) connected by wireless links
 Same channel used by all nodes
 Lack of fixed infrastructure
 Absence of centralized authority
 Peer-to-peer connectivity
 Multi-hop forwarding to ensure network
connectivity
 Topology may change dynamically
 Random Multi-hop Graph
 Energy-constrained
 Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 9
 Important
characteristics
Characteristi of a MANET
Description
c
Dynamic Nodes are free to move arbitrarily with different
Topologies speeds; thus, the network topology may change
randomly and at unpredictable times.
Energy- Some or all of the nodes in an ad hoc network
constrained may rely on batteries or other exhaustible means
Operation for their energy. For these nodes, the most
important system design optimization criteria
may be energy conservation.
Limited Wireless links continue to have significantly
Bandwidth lower capacity than infrastructured networks. In
addition, the realized throughput of wireless
communications – after accounting for the effects
of multiple access, fading, noise, and
interference conditions, etc., is often much less
than a radio’s maximum transmission rate.
Security Mobile wireless networks are generally more
Threats prone to physical security threats than fixed-
cable nets. The increased possibility of
eavesdropping, spoofing, and minimization of 10
Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved.
denial-of-service type attacks should be carefully
 The envisioned
communication
puzzle of 4G and
beyond

Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 11
 The scope of various
wireless technologies

Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 12
 Applications of
MANETs
 Collaborative Work
 Collaborative computing might be important outside office
environments
 Crisis-management Applications
 Natural disasters with entire communications
infrastructure in disarray
 Restoring communications quickly is essential
 Infrastructure could be set up in hours instead of
days/weeks
 Personal Area Networking
 Short-range, localized network of nodes associated with a
person
 Nodes could be attached to someone’s cell phone, pulse
watch, belt, etc.
 Bluetooth is an example
 Eliminates need of wires between devices such as printers,
cell phones, PDAs, laptop computers, headsets, etc.
 IEEE 802.15 standard working group

Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 13
 Future
Challenges in Ad
Scalability hoc and Sensor


number of nodes Networks

Short-range Throughput per node decreases at a rate N 1/ , where N is the
 This cannot be fixed except by physical layer improvements, such as

directional antennas
Quality of service
 Need to provide best-effort service only for Voice, live video and file
transfer
Client server model shift
 There is no server, but demand for basic services still exists.
 Address allocation, name resolution, authentication and service location are
just examples of very basic services which are needed
Security
 Lack of any centralized network management or certification authority
 Networks are particularly prone to malicious behavior
Interoperation with the Internet
 Networks require some Internet connection
 Interface between the two are very different
Energy conservation
 Lifetime of a single battery and the whole network.
Node cooperation
 Why anyone should relay other people’s data
Interoperation
 What happens when two autonomous ad hoc networks move into same area

Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 14
 Book outline
 Chapter 2: Unicast routing over ad hoc networks
 Chapter 3: Multicasting, Broadcasting and
geocasting in ad hoc networks
 Chapters 4 and 5: Most widely used MAC and
physical layers for ad hoc networks
 Chapter 6: Use of directional antenna for
increasing capacity, connectivity, and covertness of
ad hoc networks
 Chapter 7: The issue of TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) over ad hoc networks
 Chapter 8: Introduction to sensor networks
 Chapter 9: Data retrieval in sensor networks
 Chapter 10: Security in ad hoc networks
 Chapter 11: Integration of heterogeneous wireless
technologies in the context of ad hoc and sensor
networks

Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 15
 Book Organization
All chapters
Application

Transport Chapters 7,
9 and 11

Network Chapters 2, 3, 6,
8, 9, 10, and 11

LLC Chapters 4, 5, 6,
Data
MAC Link 8, 9, and 11

Chapters 4,
Physical 5, 6, and 11

Copyright © 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved. 16