Power plant diesel
Module 1
Week 4
RANKINE CYCLE
Rankine – a unit of temperature on the rankine scale.
Rankine scale – a scale of absolute temperature in
farenheit degrees; the freezing point of water is 491.67⁰R
and the boiling point of water is 671.67⁰R.
Rankine Cycle – is the ideal cycle where the working fluid
is used in both liquid and vapor phases such as;
1. Steam power plant
2. Refrigeration plant
RANKINE CYCLE IN STEAM POWER PLANT
Rankine Cycle Steam
Power Plant block
diagram.
Rankine Steam Power
Plant four processes
THE WORKING PROCESS OF RANKINE CYCLE IN STEAM
POWER PLANT
Process 1-2 : Water from the
feed water tank @ low
pressure pumped into the
boiler @ high press.
Process 2-3 : Water is
converted into the steam @
constant pressure by the
addition of heat in the boiler.
Process 3-4 : Reversible
adiabatic expansion of steam
in the steam turbine.
Process 4-1 : Constant
pressure heat rejection in the
condenser to convert
condensate into water.
Adiabatic expansion – is a
expansion of gas where in it’s
volume increases and it’s
temperature decreases. RANKINE CYCLE FLOW
DIAGRAM IN STEAM POWER
PLANT (entrophy)
Main Components of Steam Power Plant Flow Diagram
Boiler Steam Energy
Boilers are used in power plants in order to produce high
pressured steam, so that the plant can generate electricity. The
process that does this is known as the Rankine cycle. The boiler takes
in energy from some form of fuel such as coal, natural gas, or nuclear
fuel to heat water into steam. All but a small fraction of the
world's primary energy comes from fuels, and about three-quarters of
that fuel ends up going into a boiler (the remainder goes into internal
combustion engines, which use the fuel differently).
The design of a boiler is an incredibly important factor in
the power plant's efficiency. Three centuries of development have led
to the steam-producing boilers today, which produce thousands
of tonnes of steam per hour, and have a fuel-to-steam efficiency as
high as 90%. Better design means a lower fuel requirement, lower
costs and lower emissions of pollutants. The study and innovation of
boilers is useful because although they are very efficient, their waste
products create some of the world's major pollution problems by
emitting greenhouse gases.
Boiler Steam Energy
Design considerations
The main goal when designing a boiler is
to extract as much of the energy from
the fuel as possible. To do so, both the
fixed carbon and volatile matter must be
burned completely. Since one part
is solid and the other gas, this task is not
easy. The boiler must be at very
high temperatures, anywhere
near 500oC, and must burn the fuel
continuously at a constant rate.
Another factor in optimizing design is to
get the best possible heat transfer from
the fuel to the water and steam. Boilers
will often have several separate heat
exchangers to do so.
A final important design consideration is
minimizing undesirable by-products in
the form of ash and flue gas which
pollute the environment.
Steam Boiler Operation
1. Ensure that the vent valve on the boiler is open and check there is no
pressure in the boiler.
2. Check that the steam stop valve is closed.
3. Check that all the valves for fuel are open, and let the fuel circulate through
the system until it comes to the temperature required by the manufacturer
recommendation.
4. Check and open the feed water valves to the boiler and fill the water inside the
boiler drum to just above the low water level. This is done because it is not
possible to start the boiler below the low water level due to safety feature
which prevent boiler from starting. Also, the level is not filled much because if
filled too much, the water inside the boiler might expand and over pressurize
the boiler.
5. Start the boiler in automatic mode. The burner fan will start the purging cycle
which will remove any gases present in the furnace by forcing it out through
the funnel.
6. After the pre-set purge time the pilot burner will ignite. The pilot burner
consists of two electrodes, through which a large current is passed, via the
transformer, producing the spark between the electrodes. The pilot burner is
supplied with diesel oil and when the oil passes over, the former ignites.
Steam Boiler Operation
7. The main burner which is supplied by heavy oil catches
fire with the help of pilot burner.
8. Check the combustion chamber from the sight glass to ensure
the burner has lit and the flame is satisfactory.
[Link] a close eye on the water level as the pressure increases
and open the feed water when the level of water inside the
gauge glass is stable.
[Link] the vent valve after the steam starts coming
outside.
[Link] the steam stop valve.
12. Once the working steam pressure is reached, blow
down the gauge glass and float chambers to check for the
alarms.
Steam Boiler Operation
Stopping a boiler
1. If the boiler is needed to be stopped for longer
duration for maintenance or opened up for survey,
change the fuel to distillate fuel.
2. If separate heating arrangement for heavy oil is
present then there’s is no need to change over to
distillate fuel and the oil is kept on circulation mode.
3. Stop the boiler automatic cycle.
4. Close the steam stop valves.
5. Close the boiler feed water valves.
6. When the boiler pressure is just reduced to over
atmospheric pressure the vent valve is kept open to
prevent vacuum formation inside the boiler.
Purpose of Ship’s Refrigeration plant
The refrigeration plants on merchant vessels play a vital
part in carrying refrigerated cargo and provisions for the
crew on board. In reefer ships, the temperature of the
perishable or temperature sensitive cargo such as food,
chemical, or liquefied gas, is controlled by the
refrigeration plant of the ship. The same plant or a
smaller unit can be used for maintaining the temperature
of different provision rooms carrying food stuffs for crew
members.
The main purpose of ship’s refrigeration plant is to avoid
any damage to the cargo or perishable material so that it
is transported in good and healthy condition.
Refrigeration prevents growth of micro-organisms,
oxidation, fermentation and drying out of cargo etc.
Working of Ship’s Refrigeration plant
The compressor acting as a circulation pump for refrigerant has two safety cut-
outs- Low pressure (LP) and High Pressure (HP) cut outs. When the pressure
on the suction side drops below the set valve, the control unit stops the
compressor and when the pressure on the discharge side shoots up, the
compressor trips.
LP or low pressure cut out is controlled automatically i.e. when the suction
pressure drops, the compressor stops and when the suction pressure rises
again, the control system starts the compressor. HP or high pressure cut out is
provided with manual re-set.
The hot compressed liquid is passed to a receiver through a condenser to cool
it down. The receiver can be used to collect the refrigerant when any major
repair work has to be performed.
The master solenoid is fitted after the receiver, which is controlled by the
control unit. In case of sudden stoppage of compressor, the master solenoid
also closes, avoiding the flooding of evaporator with refrigerant liquid.
Main Components of Refrigeration plant
Any refrigeration unit works with different components
inline to each other in series. The main components
are:
1. Compressor: Reciprocating single or two
stage compressor is commonly used for compressing
and supplying the refrigerant to the system.
2. Condenser: Shell and tube type condenser is used
to cool down the refrigerant in the system.
3. Receiver: The cooled refrigerant is supplied to the
receiver, which is also used to drain out the refrigerant
from the system for maintenance purpose.
Main Components of Refrigeration plant
4. Drier: The drier connected in the system consists of
silica gel to remove any moisture from the refrigerant
5. Solenoids: Different solenoid valves are used to
control the flow of refrigerant into the hold or room. Master
solenoid is provided in the main line and other solenoid is
present in all individual cargo hold or rooms.
6. Expansion valve: An Expansion valve regulates the
refrigerants to maintain the correct hold or room
temperature.
7. Evaporator unit: The evaporator unit act as a heat
exchanger to cool down the hold or room area by
transferring heat to the refrigerant.
8. Control unit: The control unit consist of different safety
and operating circuits for safe operation of the refer plant.