8.
0 D C circuits
Electromotive Force (E or V) :
•Force which causes electrons to move from one location to
another OR The force which drives the flow of free electron.
– Known as emf, potential difference, or voltage
– Unit is volt (V)
– Source:
• Generator
• Battery
Electrical Resistance :
• The opposition to flow of electron is called electrical
resistance.
Or
•The property of the electric circuit which opposes
the current
• Unit – Ohm (Ω)
• Symbol-
Laws of resistance
• The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on
the following factors:
[Link] varies directly as it ‘s length L.
Example:
1 meter of Cu wire has resistance of 3 Ω
2 meter of Cu wire has resistance of 6 Ω
[Link] varies inversely as the Area of cross section(A)
[Link] depends on the nature of the material.
[Link] also depends on the temperature of the
conductor.
R= r L/A
Where r is the SPECIFIC RESISTANCE or RESISTIVITY
It is the resistance between the opposite faces of a meter
cube of that material.
Unit of resistivity- Ω-m ( ohm-meter)
Ohm’s law
Ohm's law states that the current through
a conductor between any two points is
directly proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance .
V/I = constant or V/I = R
V= IR
I = V/R
• The mathematical equation that describes this
relationship is:
V=IR
• where V is the potential difference
measured across the resistance in units of volts
• I is the current through the resistance in units
of amperes .
• R is the resistance of the conductor between two
points in units of ohms.
Power is the product of voltage & Current.
Its unit is watt.
POWER = voltage* current
P=VI
• Electric Circuits :
1. Loads – devices that use electrical energy.
2. Sources – devices that produce electrical
energy.
3. Electrons move from regions of higher
potential to regions of lower electric potential.
RESISTORS IN SERIES :
• When the resistors are connected end to end
they are said to be connected in series.
The main characteristics of series c circuit are
• Same current flows through all parts of the
circuit
• Different resistors have their individual voltage
drops.
• Sum of the Applied voltage = the sum of
different voltage drops
V = V1+ V2 + V3
IR = IR1+ IR2+ IR3 …..Ohm’s law
R = R1+ R2+ R3
where R is the equivalent resistance of the
series combination.
Application : Voltage Divider
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL :
When the resistors are connected side by side in a
circuit it is said to be connected in parallel
The main characteristics of Parallel circuit are :
• p.d or voltage across all resistance is same
• Current in each resistor is different
• The total current is the sum of the three separate
branch currents.
I = I1+ I2+ I3
V/R = V/R1+ V/R2 + V/R3
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
where R is the equivalent resistance of the
parallel combination
Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) :
• It states that in any network of conductors the
algebraic sum of currents meeting a point or
junction is zero.
• The total current entering a junction = total
current leaving a junction
I in =I out
I1 + I2 + (-I3) +(-I4) + (-I5) = 0
∑I = 0
I1+I2 = I3+I4 +I5
The current entering any junction is equal to
the current leaving that junction.
This law is also called Kirchhoff's point
rule, Kirchhoff's junction rule (or nodal rule),
and Kirchhoff's first rule.
Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
• The sum of all the voltages around the closed loop
is equal to zero.
v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 = 0
• This law is also called Kirchhoff's second
law, Kirchhoff's loop (or mesh) rule,
and Kirchhoff's second rule.