SOLVING NON-LINEAR
EQUATIONS (ROOT
FINDING)
NEWTON-RAPHSON
ITERATION METHOD
Definition
• The Newton-Raphson method, or Newton Method, is
a powerful technique for solving equations
numerically. Like so much of the differential calculus,
it is based on the simple idea of linear
approximation.
• This is another iteration method for solving
equations where f is assumed to have a continuous
derivative. The method is commonly used because of
its simplicity and great speed.
Derivation
• The underlying idea is that we
approximate the graph of f by
suitable tangents. Using an
approximate value x0 obtained
from the graph of f, we let x1 be
the point of intersection of the x-
axis and the tangent to the
curve of f at x0.
• Remember: The slope of the
tangent line at a point on the
function is equal to the
derivative of the function at
the same point
Derivation
• tan β = f’ (x0) = f (x0) / (x0 –
x1), hence,
x1 = x0 – (f (x0) / f’ (x0))
• In the second iteration we
compute x2 = x1 – (f
(x1) / f’ (x1)), in the third
iteration x3 from x2 again by
the same formula, and so on.
STEPS:
[Link] points a and b such that a < b and f(a)⋅ f(b) < 0.
[Link] the interval [a,b] and find next value x0= (a + b) /
2
[Link] f(x0) and f′(x0).
[Link] use the formula: x1 = x0 – (f (x0) / f’ (x0))
[Link] f (x1) = 0, then x1 is an exact root, else x0 = x1.
[Link] steps 3 to 5 until f(xi) = 0 or |f(xi)| ≤
Accuracy (CONVERGENCE)
EXAMPLE 1
Find a root of an equation f(x) = x3 – x – 1 using Newton
Raphson method.
EXAMPLE 1
Find a root of an equation f(x) = x3 – x – 1 using Newton
Raphson method.
EXAMPLE 1
Find a root of an equation f(x) = x3 – x – 1 using Newton
Raphson method.
n x0 f(x0) f′(x0) x1
1 1.5 0.875 5.75 1.34783
2 1.34783 0.10068 4.44991 1.3252
3 1.3252 0.00206 4.26847 1.32472
4 1.32472 0 4.26463 1.32472
EXAMPLE 2
Find a root of an equation f(x)=√12 using Newton Raphson
method.
EXAMPLE 2
Find a root of an equation f(x)=√12 using Newton Raphson
method.
EXAMPLE 1
Find a root of an equation f(x)=√12 using Newton Raphson
method.
EXAMPLE 2
Find a root of an equation f(x)=√12 using Newton Raphson
method.
n x0 f(x0) f′(x0) x1
1 3.5 0.25 7 3.4643
2 3.4643 0.0013 6.9286 3.4641
3 3.4641 0 6.9282 3.4641
ASSIGNMENT
1. Find a root of an equation f(x) = 2x 3
- 2x - 5 using Newton
Raphson method.
2. Find a root of an equation f(x)= √48 (cube root of 48)
3
using Newton Raphson method.
3. Find a root of an equation f(x) = x 3
+ 2x2 + x - 1 using
Newton Raphson method.
Note: Provide a table of summary.