NANOTECHNOLOGY

Topics of the day

• Introduction • Materials used
• Defination . Application
• History Drugs
◦ Mobiles
• Tools & techniques ◦ Electronics
◦ Carbon nanotubes • Nanotechnology in
◦ Nanorods
INDIA
• Possiblities for future
◦ Nanobots
• Approaches used
Top-down
Bottom-up
 NANO & TECHNOLOGY
• A Nanometre is a unit of length in the meui system, equal to
one billionth of a metre(10-9).

• Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools,

machines and techniques, in order to solve a problem or
perform a specific function.
 Defination
• Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an
atomic scale.
• Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and engineering of
the functional systems at very micro level or we can say at
atomic level.
• Nanometer is one billionth of a meter,oughly the width of
three or four atoms. The average human hair is about 25,000
nanometers wide,
 History
• The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous
professor of physics Dr. Richard [Link].
• Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and
the discovery of fullerene(C60) in 1985 lead to the emergence
of nanotechnolog.
• The term “Nano-technology” had been coined by Norio
Taniguchi in1974
• The early 200os also sa beginnings of Commercial
applications of nanotechnology although these were limit bulk
application nanomaterials.

• Silver nano platform for using silver- nanoparticles as an

antibacterial agent nanoparticle-based transparent sunscreens,
and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles
 Tools & Technology
. There are several important modern developments.
◦ The atomic force microscope (AFM).
◦ The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are
scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. 4çeetrant pheos detctor Laer AE
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• Various techniques of nanolithography such as:
◦ optical lithography.
◦ X-ray lithography,
Dip pen nanolithography
◦ Electron beam lithography(inkjet printer) were also developed. xyZ A$ sample
she
. Lithography in MEMS context is typically the transfer of a pattern into a
photosensitive material by selective exposure to a radiation source such as light .
 Carbon Nanotube
. Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

• They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto 132,000,000:1.

. Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. Their name is

derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one atom-thick sheets of
carbon, called graphene.
• Properties
◦ Highest strength to weight ratio, helps
in creating light weight spacecrafts.

◦ Easily penetrate membranes such as

cell walls. Helps in cancer treatment.

◦ Electrical resistance changes significantly, when other molecules attach

themselves to the carbon atoms. Helps in developing sensors that can
detect chemical vapours.
Nanorods(quantum dots)
• Nanorods are one morphology of Nanoscale objects.
• Dimensions range from 1-100 nm.
• They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials.
A combination of ligands act as shape control agents and
bond to different facets of the nanorod with different
straferem rates, producing an elongated object.
This allows different faces of the nanorod to grow
USES:
◦ In display technologies, because the reflectivity of the
rods can be changed,by changing their orientation with
an applied electrič field”
◦ In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
◦ In cancer therapeutics.
 Nanobots
To the scale of 10-9,
• Largely in R&d phase
• Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable of counting specific molecules
in a chemical sample.
• Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would probably
benecessary for yery large numbers of fhem to work together to perform
microscopic and macroscopic tasks.
• Capable of replication using environmental resources
• Application:
◦ Detection of toxic components in environment.
◦ In drug delivery
◦ Biomedical instrumention
Approaches in nanotechnology
1. Bottom up:
In the bottom up approach different materials and devices are constructed from
molecular components of their own. They chemically assemble themselves by
recognizing the molecules of their own breed
• Examples of molecular self assembly are Watson crick base pairing , nano-
lithoghraphy .
• 2. Top down:
• In top down approach nano objects and materials are created by larger entities
without bouncing its atomic reactions usually top down approach is practiced
less as compared to the bottom up approach
• Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as
nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related to
microelctromechanical systems or MEMS.
• MEMS became practical once they could be fabricated using modified
semiconductor device fabrication technologies, normally used to make
electronics.
 Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies.
•Enable drugie to be delivered to precisely the right location in
body and release drug doses on a predetermined schedule for
optimal treatment.
• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer tumour.
• Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
• Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
 Nanotechnology in Mobile
• Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia
Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK).
• The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it extremely dirt
repellent.
• It will be able to charge itself from available light sources using
photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it’s surface,
• Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage
that a nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile devices to
be bent, stretched and folded into any number of conceivable
shapes.
 Nanotechnology in Electronics
• Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel displays to
be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays.
◦ Nanolithography is fabrication of chips. Used for
◦ The transistors are made of nanowires, that are assembled on
glass or thin films of flexible plastic.
◦ E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car windshields
 Nanotechnology in India
• IT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology.
• Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still c
• Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science and
Technology Initiative (NSTI).
• Then in 2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mission 2007 was initiated
with an allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for a period of five years.
• The main objectives of the Nano Mission are:
- basic research promotion,
⁃ infrastructure development for carrying out front-ranking research,
- development of nano technologies and their applications,
- human resource development and
– international collaborations,.
IIT mumbai project
 Possibilities for the future
• Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture hguct, stronger, and
programmable materials that
◦ require less energy to produce than conventional material
◦ and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships,
aircraft, and space vehicles.
• The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of Nano
robotics.
• These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as
tasks that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted
ozone layer could potentially be able to be performed
• There would be an entire nano surgical field to help cure eve from natural
aging to diabetes to bone spurs.
• There would be almost nothing that couldn’t be (eventually) with the
introduction of nano surgery.
Bottom Line

“The Next Big Thing Is Really Small”

THANK YOU