IOQM
Geometry (Triangle)
Triangle
C
a
b
A B
c
Triangle
• Types (Acute, Right, Obtuse, Equilateral, Isosceles, Scalene)
• Properties:
• Sum of angles of triangle is 180
• Exterior angle of a triangle is equal to sum of opposite angles
• Sides opposite to a larger angle are longer
• Sides opposite to equal angles are equal
• Perpendicular from a vertex to opposite side is called Altitude
• Area of triangle A =
• Line from the vertex to the midpoint of opposite side is called a
Median
• Hero(n)’s formula: A = where
• Pythagoras Theorem: for a right-angle triangle ABC with ∠ C = 90°;
Triangle
• All three Medians pass through a common point called
Centroid (G)
• Centroid divides the medians in the ratio 2:1 (vertex:side)
• Median divides the triangle into two triangles of equal area
• Centroid is always inside the triangle
• All three Altitudes too pass through a common point
called orthocenter (H)
• The orthocenter lies within the triangle for Acute, on the right
vertex for Right and outside the triangle for Obtuse triangles
• The product of the lengths of the segment that the orthocenter
divides an altitude into is the same for all altitudes.
Triangle
• All three angle bisectors pass through a common point
called Incenter (I)
• Equidistant from all three sides.
• This distance is called Inradius and denoted by r
• Area of triangle =
• All three perpendicular bisectors of the sides too pass
through a common point called Circumcenter (H)
• Equidistant from all three vertices.
• This distance is called Circumradius and denoted by R
Triangle
• For equilateral triangles; all four points are the same
• For isosceles triangles; al four points lie in a straight line
along the perpendicular bisector of the unequal side
• For right triangles; the orthocenter lies on the right-
angled vertex. The circumcenter is the midpoint of the
hypotenuse
• There are also 3 ex-circles (circles which touch one side
and two extended sides, with ex-radii denoted by
Triangle
• Sine Rule:
• Cosine Rule:
• Projection Rule:
• Half Angle property:
Triangle
• Area of Triangle:
•
Triangle
• Relation between the various circles
•,,
•++
• where d is the distance between incircle and circumcircle
Triangle
• Congruence and Similarity
• Congruence is when the two triangles (after rotation/transposition
or mirroring) have the exact same shape and size. Similar is when
the shape is same, but the size is different.
• Two triangles are congruent if:
• All three sides are equal (SSS)
• Two sides and included angle are equal (SAS)
• Two angles (automatically all 3) and one side are equal (ASA)
• Right Triangle with one side and Hypotenuse (RHS)
• Two triangles are not necessarily congruent if:
• Two sides and one of the non included angles are equal
• All three angles are equal
Triangle
• When two triangles are congruent, they are also similar
but similar triangles are not necessarily congruent
• Two triangles are similar if:
• The ratio of their corresponding sides is constant
• Two angles (automatically all three) are the same
• Congruent triangles have the same area, while similar
triangles have area proportional to the square of their
corresponding side
• A line parallel to any side of the triangle forms similar
triangle and hence divides the remaining sides in the
same ratio