IPV6
IP ADDRESS
Total IPV4 Address:
4,294,967,296 Address
Massive development in Technology lead to the shortage of IP
Addresses
IPV6 ADDRESS
2128=
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
addresses
INTRODUCTION
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
=Internetworking Protocol next generation (IPng)
enabling a wider range of Internet-connected
devices
to replace IPv4
designed by IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force )
recommended by IPng Area Directors of IETF at
Toronto IETF meeting on 25 July 1994.
COMPARISON OF IP – V4 WITH V6
IPV4 – 32 bit address
IPV6 – 128 Bit address
IPV6 ADDRESS
FDEC : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 000F : BBFF : FFFF
IPV6 ADDRESS
2001:0db8:0000:0000:a111:b222:0000:000cd
INTRO (CONT…)
IPv6 was adopted because:
The use of address space is inefficient.
The Internet must accommodate real-time
audio and video transmission.
IPv4 provided no security mechanism.
IPv6 offers automatic addressing.
NEW CHANGES IN IPV6
simplified header format
- The IPv6 header format is simpler than IPv4
• longer address fields
- The length of address field is extended the bits.
• Flexible support for opinion
- The length of address field is extended the bits.
FEATURES
• Security
- IPv6 supports built-in authentication and confidentiality.
• Large packets
- IPv6 supports built-in authentication and confidentiality.
• Fragmentation at source only
- IPv6 supports payloads that are longer than 64 kilo bytes,
call jumbo payloads .
No checksum field
- The checksum field has been removed to reduce
packet processing time in a router. Packets carried
by the physical network such as Ethernet, ATM are
typically already checked.
BLOCKS IN IPV6
Block Prefix CIDR Notation Block Assignment
0000 0000 0000 : : / 8 Special Address
0010 2000 : : / 3 Global Unicast
1111 11010 FD00 : : / 7 Unique Local
1111 1110 10 FE80 : : / 10 Link Local Address
1111 1111 FF00 : : / 8 Multicast Address
ADDRESSING
Unicast addressing
Multicast addressing
Anycast addressing
Additional fields included in IPv6 header
priority field, flow field.
IPv6 is a natural increment to IPv4.
IPV6
TRANSITION FROM IPV4 TO IPV6
TRANSITION FROM IPV4 TO IPV6
Dual-Stack
- Strategies, which allow IPv4 and IPv6 to communicate in
the same devices and networks.
Tunneling
- Techniques, to avoid dependencies when upgrading hosts,
routers or regions.
Translation
- Techniques, to allow IPv6 only devices to communicate with
IPv4-only devices.
IPV6
IPV6 HEADER
IPV6 HEADER
IPV6
1 Version (4-bits): It represents the version of
Internet Protocol, i.e. 0110.
2 Traffic Class (8-bits): These 8 bits are divided
into two parts.
The most significant 6 bits are used for Type of
Service to let the Router Known what services
should be provided to this packet.
The least significant 2 bits are used for Explicit
Congestion Notification (ECN).
FLOW LABEL (20-BITS)
This label is used to maintain the sequential
flow of the packets belonging to a
communication.
The source labels the sequence to help the
router identify that a particular packet
belongs to a specific flow of information.
It is designed for streaming/real-time media.
PAYLOAD LENGTH (16-BITS)
This field is used to tell the routers how much information a
particular packet contains in its payload.
Payload is composed of Extension Headers and Upper Layer
data.
With 16 bits, up to 65535 bytes can be indicated; but if the
Extension Headers contain Hop-by-Hop Extension Header, then
the payload may exceed 65535 bytes and this field is set to 0.
NEXT HEADER (8-BITS)
This field is used to indicate either
the type of Extension Header, or if
the Extension Header is not present
then it indicates the Upper Layer
PDU.
EXTENSION HEADER
IPV6
6 Hop Limit (8-bits): This field is used to stop
packet to loop in the network infinitely.
This is same as TTL in IPv4. The value of Hop
Limit field is decremented by 1 as it passes a
link (router/hop). When the field reaches 0
the packet is discarded.
7 Source Address (128-bits): This field
indicates the address of originator of the
packet.
8 Destination Address (128-bits): This field
provides the address of intended recipient of
the packet.
BASE HEADER
Version
- Specifies the version number
- 4 bits
Traffic Class
- Class of service desired for the datagram
- 8 bits
Priority
- Priority of the packet with respect to traffic congestion
- Congestion-controlled (0-7)
- Noncongestion-controlled (8-15)
- 4 bits
IPV6
Flow Label
- Provide special handling for a particular flow of data
- 20 bits
Payload Length
- Length of the data field (excluding the base header) in the
datagram
- 16 bits
Next Header
- Defining the header that follows the base header in datagram
- 8 bits
IPV6
Hop Limit
- Specifies the maximum number of hops a packet
may travel before reaching the destination
- 8 bits
Source Address
- Identifies the original source of the datagram
- 128 bits
Destination Address
- Identifies the final destination of the datagram
- 128 bits
IPV6 DATA COMMUNICATION
Provides 128 bit address space
3 basic types:
Unicast
Anycast
Multicast
UNICAST ADDRESS
Corresponds to a single
computer
SPECIAL ADDRESS
Unspecified Address:
0000 : : / 8
Loopback Address:
0000::1 / 8
Compatible Address:
0000 : : / 8
GLOBAL UNICAST ADDRESS
128 bits
Global routing Prefix Subnet Identifier Interface Identifier
N bits 48 m bits 16 bits q bits 64 bits
bits
GLOBAL UNICAST ADDRESS
128
bits
Global routing Interface
Subnet Identifier
Prefix Identifier
N bits = 48 bits m bits 16 q bits 64
bits bits
2000 : 1456 : 2474 : 0003 : F7A9 : 23FF : FE14 : 7AD2
UNICAST ADDRESS
3 types of Unicast Address
Global unicast
n bits m bits 128 – n – m
Global Routing Prefix Subnet Id Interface ID
Site-local unicast
it is designed to used for addressing inside of a site without the need for a
glocal prefix
10 bits 54 bits 64 bits
1111111011 Subnet ID Interface ID
ANYCAST ADDRESS
assigned to more than one interface, with the property that a
packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the “nearest”
interface having that address, according to the routing protocols’
measurement.
allocated from the unicast address space by using any of the
defined unicast address formats
MULTICAST ADDRESS
Pre-defined Multicast addresses
defined for explicit scope values
The following slide shows the reserved Multicast Addresses. This
reserved addresses shall never be assigned to any multicast
group.
MULTICAST ADDRESS
FF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
MULTICAST ADDRESS
All nodes addresses
identify the group of all IPv6 nodes within 1 scope 1 (interface-local)
or 2 (link-local).
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
MULTICAST ADDRESS
All routers addresses
identify the group of all IPv6 routers within scope 1 (interface-local), 2
(link-local), or 5 (site-local).
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
ADDRESS NOTATION
Normally, a 128-bit number written in dotted decimal notation:
[Link].[Link].[Link].140.10.255
.255
ADDRESS NOTATION
Colon Hexadecimal Notation
Reduced the number of characters used to write an address
each group of 16 bits is written in hexadecimal with a colon
separating groups
[Link].[Link].[Link].[Link]
69DC:8864: FFFF: FFFF: 0:1280:8C0A: FFFF
ADDRESS NOTATION
Zero Compression
replaces sequences of zeros with double semicolons
can only once per address
Example:
FDEC: 0:0:0:0: BBFF: 0: FFFF
can be written as
FDEC:: BBFF:0:FFFF
ADDRESS NOTATION
If the 0 string begins the address, the notation starts with the
double colon.
Example:
0000:0000:0000:0000:0AFF:1BDF:000F:0077
can be written as
:: 0AFF:1BDF:F:0077
ADDRESS NOTATION
CIDR Notation.
The example below show how can we define a prefix of 60 bits using
CIDR.
FDEC: 0:0:0:0: BBFF: 0: FFFF/60
ADVANTAGES – IPV6
1. Larger Address Space: IPv6 has a much larger address space than
IPv4, which means that it can support more devices on the internet.
2. Improved Security: IPv6 provides improved security features such as
authentication and encryption.
3. Improved QoS: IPv6 provides improved Quality of Service (QoS)
features, which allow for better traffic management and service
differentiation.
4. Auto-configuration: IPv6 devices can automatically configure
themselves without the need for DHCP.
5. Simplified Header: The IPv6 header is simplified compared to IPv4,
which improves the routing efficiency and reduces the overhead.
DISADVANTAGE – IPV6
1. Transition Issues: The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 can be difficult, and many
organizations may not have the resources or knowledge to make the
transition.
2. Incompatibility: IPv6 is not backwards compatible with IPv4, which means
that devices that only support IPv4 will not be able to communicate with
IPv6 devices without a translation mechanism.
3. Complexity: IPv6 is more complex than IPv4, which may require more
training and expertise to manage and troubleshoot.
4. Security Challenges: While IPv6 provides improved security features, it also
introduces new security challenges that need to be addressed.
5. Limited Deployment: Despite being available for several years, IPv6
adoption remains relatively low, and many organizations still use IPv4.
IPV6
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
IPv6 come at the right time- Internet growing so rapidly.
Solution of the new disruptive applications.
IPv4 IPv6 -larger task for some company or industry, but the
rate of IPv4 address consumption is rapidly increasing.
IPv6 has a bright future.
allow us to build a more robust and
reliable Internet.
simplify the implementation and
deployment of emergency response
networks.
making our lives safer & more secure.