IPv6

IP Address

 Total IPV4 Address:

4,294,967,296 Address
Massive development in Technology lead to the
shortage of IP Addresses
IPV6 address

 2128=
 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,7
68,211,456 addresses
INTRODUCTION
 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
=Internetworking Protocol next generation (IPng)
 enabling a wider range of Internet-connected
devices
 to replace IPv4
 designed by IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force )
 recommended by IPng Area Directors of IETF at
Toronto IETF meeting on 25 July 1994.
Comparison of IP – V4 with V6

 IPV4 – 32 bit address

 IPV6 – 128 Bit address
IPV6 Address

2001:0db8:0000:0000:a111:b222:0000:000cd
Subnetting in IPV6

2001:0db8:0000:0000:a111:b222:0000:000cd/64
INTRO (Cont…)

 IPv6 was adopted because:

– The use of address space is inefficient.
– The Internet must accommodate real-time
audio and video transmission.
– IPv4 provided no security mechanism.
 IPv6 offers automatic addressing.
INTRO (Cont…)

3 types of address:
– Unicast addressing
– Multicast addressing
– Anycast addressing
 Additional fields included in IPv6 header
– priority field, flow field.
 IPv6 is a natural increment to IPv4.
IPv6

NEW CHANGES IN IPv6

New changes in IPv6
 simplified header format
- The IPv6 header format is simpler than IPv4
• longer address fields
- The length of address field is extended the bits.
• Flexible support for opinion
- The length of address field is extended the bits.
• Security
- IPv6 supports built-in authentication and confidentiality.
• Large packets
- IPv6 supports built-in authentication and confidentiality.
• Fragmentation at source only
- IPv6 supports payloads that are longer than 64 kilo bytes,
call jumbo payloads.
 No checksum field
- The checksum field has been removed to reduce
packet processing time in a router. Packets carried
by the physical network such as Ethernet, ATM
are typically already checked.
IPv6

TRANSITION FROM
IPv4 TO IPv6
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
 Dual-Stack
- Strategies, which allow IPv4 and IPv6 to communicate
in the same devices and networks.
 Tunneling
- Techniques, to avoid dependencies when upgrading hosts,
routers or regions.
 Translation
- Techniques, to allow IPv6 only devices to communicate
with IPv4-only devices.
IPv6

IPv6 HEADER
Introduction
 more simpler
 efficient
 reduce process cost
IPv4 Datagram format

IP protocol version
number 32 bits
total datagram
length (bytes)
header length head. type of
(bytes) ver len service length
for
“type” of data fragment fragmentation/
16-bit identifier flags offset reassembly

max number time to upper header

remaining hops live layer checksum
(decremented at
each router)
32 bit source IP address

32 bit destination IP address

upper layer protocol
to deliver payload to
options (if any) e.g. timestamp,
record route
taken, specify
data list of routers
(variable length, to visit.
typically a TCP
or UDP segment)
Base Header
 Version
- Specifies the version number
- 4 bits
 Traffic Class
- Class of service desired for the datagram
- 8 bits
– Priority
- Priority of the packet with respect to traffic congestion
- Congestion-controlled (0-7)
- Noncongestion-controlled (8-15)
- 4 bits
 Flow Label
- Provide special handling for a particular flow of data
- 20 bits
 Payload Length
- Length of the data field (excluding the base header) in the
datagram
- 16 bits
 Next Header
- Defining the header that follows the base header in datagram
- 8 bits
 Hop Limit
- Specifies the maximum number of hops a packet
may travel before reaching the destination
- 8 bits
 Source Address
- Identifies the original source of the datagram
- 128 bits
 Destination Address
- Identifies the final destination of the datagram
- 128 bits
IPv6

IPv6 ADDRESSING
Brief Introduction
 Provides 128 bit address space
 allows for 2128 ≈ 1040 different addresses
 can address 3.4 x 1038 nodes if address
assignment efficiency is 100%.
 3 basic types:
– Unicast
– Anycast
– Multicast
Unicast Address
Corresponds to a single computer
Unicast Address
3 types of Unicast Address
– Global unicast
n bits m bits 128 – n – m
Global Routing Prefix Subnet Id Interface ID

– Site-local unicast
 it is designed to used for addressing inside of a site
without the need for a glocal prefix

10 bits 54 bits 64 bits

1111111011 Subnet ID Interface ID
Unicast Address
– Link - local unicast
 itis used on a single link. The addresses are designed
on a single link for purposes such as automatic address
configuration, neighbor discovery, or when no routers
are present

10 bits 54 bits 64 bits

1111111010 0 Interface ID
Anycast Address
 assigned to more than one interface, with the
property that a packet sent to an anycast
address is routed to the “nearest” interface
having that address, according to the routing
protocols’ measurement.
 allocated from the unicast address space by
using any of the defined unicast address
formats
Multicast Address
 Pre-defined Multicast addresses
– defined for explicit scope values

 The following slide shows the reserved

Multicast Addresses. This reserved
addresses shall never be assigned to any
multicast group.
Multicast Address
FF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Multicast Address
 All nodes addresses
– identify the group of all IPv6 nodes within 1 scope
1 (interface-local) or 2 (link-local).

FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Multicast Address
 All routers addresses
– identify the group of all IPv6 routers within scope
1 (interface-local), 2 (link-local), or 5 (site-local).

FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
Address Notation
 Normally,a 128-bit number written in dotted
decimal notation:

[Link].[Link].[Link].[Link]
Address Notation
 Colon Hexadecimal Notation
– Reduced the number of characters used to write
an address
– each group of 16 bits is written in hexadecimal
with a colon separating groups

[Link].[Link].[Link].[Link]

69DC:8864: FFFF: FFFF: 0:1280:8C0A: FFFF

Address Notation
 Zero Compression
– replaces sequences of zeros with double
semicolons
– can only once per address
– Example:
FDEC: 0:0:0:0: BBFF: 0: FFFF
can be written as
FDEC:: BBFF:0:FFFF
Address Notation
 If
the 0 string begins the address, the
notation starts with the double colon.
 Example:

0000:0000:0000:0000:0AFF:1BDF:000F:0077
can be written as
:: 0AFF:1BDF:F:0077
Address Notation
 CIDR Notation.
– The example below show how can we define a
prefix of 60 bits using CIDR.

FDEC: 0:0:0:0: BBFF: 0: FFFF/60

Advantages – IPV6
1. Larger Address Space: IPv6 has a much larger address
space than IPv4, which means that it can support more devices
on the internet.
2. Improved Security: IPv6 provides improved security features
such as authentication and encryption.
3. Improved QoS: IPv6 provides improved Quality of Service
(QoS) features, which allow for better traffic management and
service differentiation.
4. Auto-configuration: IPv6 devices can automatically configure
themselves without the need for DHCP.
5. Simplified Header: The IPv6 header is simplified compared to
IPv4, which improves the routing efficiency and reduces the
overhead.
Disadvantage – IPV6
1. Transition Issues: The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 can be difficult,
and many organizations may not have the resources or knowledge to
make the transition.
2. Incompatibility: IPv6 is not backwards compatible with IPv4, which
means that devices that only support IPv4 will not be able to
communicate with IPv6 devices without a translation mechanism.
3. Complexity: IPv6 is more complex than IPv4, which may require more
training and expertise to manage and troubleshoot.
4. Security Challenges: While IPv6 provides improved security features,
it also introduces new security challenges that need to be addressed.
5. Limited Deployment: Despite being available for several years, IPv6
adoption remains relatively low, and many organizations still use IPv4.
IPv6

CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

 IPv6 come at the right time- Internet growing

so rapidly.
 Solution of the new disruptive applications.
 IPv4 IPv6 -larger task for some company or
industry, but the rate of IPv4 address
consumption is rapidly increasing.
 IPv6 has a bright future.
– allow us to build a more robust and reliable
Internet.
– simplify the implementation and deployment
of emergency response networks.
– making our lives safer & more secure.