SCIENCE -
CHAPTER
1:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
DEFINITION AND THE
IMPORTANCE OF
OBJECTIVES PHOTOSYNTHESIS
USING THE WORD EUQATION FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
HAPPENS IN PLANTS
MINERALS AND PLANT GROWTH
REASON WHY MAGNESIUM AND NITRATES
ARE IMPORTANT FOR PLANTS.
Plants make food by photosynthesis. ’Photo’ means
1.1 ‘light’ , ’Synthesis’ means ‘making’. So photosynthesis
means ‘making with light’.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
HOW PLANTS MAKE FOOD:
In photosynthesis, plants use: The energy in sunlight is captured by a green
water, which they get from the soil pigment, called chlorophyll, which is inside
carbon dioxide, which they get from some of the cells in the leaves of plants.
the air energy,which they get from
sunlight
The plants use the energy to make
the water and carbon dioxide
combine together in a chemical
reaction
-> Two new substances are made:
glucose and oxygen.
EQUATION:
water + carbon dioxide ->
glucose + oxygen
Gas bubbles release from the aquatic plant and
that gas gets collected at the top of the boiling
tube
After the accumulation of gas about 3/4 th of
its volume, the tube will be taken out and a
glowing splinter is inserted to test whether the
gas is oxygen
The splinter will burn with a bright flame
So we can conclude that the gas given out in
photosynthesis is oxygen
WHY IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
IMPORTANT?
Provides energy, in the form of chemical
energy in nutrients, for all other organisms.
Plants use the energy in sunlight to make
glucose and carbohydrates.
When the earth was first formed , about 4.6
Provides oxygen for the Earth's billion years ago, there was almost no oxygen in
atmosphere. the Earth’s atmosphere. Scientists think that
oxygen first began to collect in the air when
=> Animals and Human respiration
bacteria first began to photosynthesise.{There
=>oxygen is a By product from were no plants at that time.}
photosynthesis Oxygen accounts =>IF PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAD NOT EVER BEGUN ON
for 20% of air around us. EARTH, THEN NO ANIMALS WOULD EVER HAVE BEEN
ABLE TO LIVE HERE.
QUESTIONS
0
What are the
02
What are the
reactants in
products in
photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide and water. photosynthesis?
glucose and oxygen
1 The picture shows a
lizard eating a
grasshopper.
Grasshoppers eat grass. 04 Explain one other reason (apart
from food) why the lizard would
not be able to survive if there
0
Explain how the lizard
relies on photosynthesis
were no plants on Earth.
Photosynthesis transfers energy Plants release oxygen
from sunlighttointo
provide it with
chemical energy.
energy into the air when they
in glucose. The plant can use the photosynthesize.
glucose to make other substances. Animals such as
When the grasshopper eats grass, lizards need oxygen
it takes in some of this energy. The
for respiration
lizard gets some of the energy
when it eats the grasshopper.
1.2 MORE ABOUT
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHLOROPLASTS AND CHLOROPHYLL
• Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
captures energy from sunlight, which helps water and carbon
dioxide to react together.
• Chlorophyll is kept inside chloroplasts, inside plant cells -
> photosynthesis happens in chloroplasts.
• Not all cells have chloroplasts, so not all cells can
photosynthesise.
• In most plants, chloroplast is mostly inside leaves. Carbon
dioxide and water are made to react together inside cells in a
leaf -> produce carbohydrates and oxygen.
• On warm, sunny days, plants can make more carbohydrates
than they need to use immediately. So they store some of it to
use later on- perhaps at night or when there is less sunlight.
• Plants store carbohydrates as starch. They store the starch
Test to identify starch
⚫As chlorophyll dissolve in
alcohol, the leaf is boiled in an
alcohol solution
⚫Then the solution becomes
green in colour and leaf
turns to pale colour
⚫If the leaf turns to blue or
dark purple, once iodine is
added, we can conclude that
starch is present in the leaf
INSIDE A
•
LEAF
Photosynthesis happens inside chloroplasts,
which are mostly inside the cells in the middle
layers of the leaf. Carbon dioxide diffuses into
• Leaves are very thin, => so it is easy for sunlight to the leaf from the air.
reach these cells. There are tiny holes in the leaf,
• Chloroplasts also need plenty of water and carbon stomata (stoma), allow gases to
dioxide, because these are used in photosynthesis. diffuse in and out.
Water is brought to the cells in the leaf along the
veins.
What part of the leaves has most of the
stomata?
Required materials:
● Two freshly cut, smooth, green leaves
● Two laboratory beakers with warm water
Experimental procedure: Figure 1. The upper surface of the leaf
[Link] two leaves from the same plant with a smooth
surface.
[Link] warm water to a laboratory beaker .
[Link] the leaf in the first beaker with the upper
surface turned towards the glass wall.
[Link] the leaf in the second beaker with the
lower surface turned towards the glass wall.
[Link] the beakers in a well-lit place. Figure 2. The lower surface of the leaf. The oxygen bubbles are visible nea
the stomata.
MINERALS AND
PLANT GROWTH
Farmers add fertiliser to their fields because it
makes the crops grow larger and produce a
higher yield. Yield is the quantity of the crop that
the farmer harvests.
Fertilisers contain minerals. Plants need them to
grow. They get these from the soil, but
sometimes the soil does not contain enough of
certain minerals. This stops the plant growth.
Two important minerals for plants are
magnesium and nitrate.
NITRATE
MAGNESIUM
Needed to make the green Contains Nitrogen atoms.
=> Needed so that plants can convert
pigment, chlorophyll.
carbohydrates to proteins.
Lack of magnesium => leaves
Without enough nitrogen, leaves die and
grows yellow.
the plants stays small (just like these
It cannot grow well ->
maize(corn) plant) as it is essential for
cannot photosynthesise making new cells.
efficiently. Nitrogen is also needed to make
chlorophyll.
QUESTIONS
0 The cells inside a plant leaf produce oxygen
when they photosynthesise. Suggest what
happens to this oxygen.
Some of the oxygen diffuses out of the leaf. Some of
the oxygen is used in respiration.
1
0
All organisms need protein, for growth.
Compare the way in which plants obtain
protein with the way that you and other
Plants get their protein by using the carbohydrates
they make in
photosynthesis and adding nitrogen to them to make
proteins. Animals get their protein by feeding on plants
and other animals.
animals obtain protein.
Nitrate and magnesium are both needed for making
2
chlorophyll, so
a shortage of either of them makes leaves go yellow.
0
It can be difficult, even for an expert, to tell Nitrate is also needed for making proteins, but without
magnesium the plant
the difference between a plant that is short
cannot photosynthesize, so it has fewer carbohydrates
of magnesium, and one that is short of to make
protein. Suggest why. proteins from. A lack of either nitrate or magnesium
3
reduces growth.
THANK
YOU !!!!