Solutions
Solution Chemistry
Properties of Solutions
Types of Solutions
Concentrations of Solutions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Parts of a solution
A solution is a
HOMOGENEOUS
mixture of 2 or more
substances in a single
phase.
One constituent is
usually regarded as the
SOLVENT and the
others as SOLUTES.
Solute + Solvent = Solution
SOLUTE – the part of a Solute Solvent Example
solution that is being
solid solid Alloys (brass, steel)
dissolved (usually the
lesser amount)
solid liquid Salt water
SOLVENT – the part of
a solution that dissolves gas solid Air bubbles in ice
the solute (usually the cubes
greater amount) liquid liquid mixed drinks
gas liquid Soft drinks
gas gas Air
Terms
Liquids that are soluble in each other
are said to be miscible
Liquids that are insoluble in each
other are immiscible
Remember “like dissolves like.”
Polarsubstances dissolve in polar
substances
Nonpolar substances dissolve in
nonpolar substances
Types of Solutions
Solutions can be classified as
saturated or unsaturated.
A saturated solution contains the
maximum quantity of solute that
dissolves at that temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains less
than the maximum amount of solute
that can dissolve at a particular
temperature
Supersaturated Solutions
Contain more solute than is possible
to be dissolved
Supersaturated solutions are
unstable. The supersaturation is
only temporary, and usually
accomplished in one of two ways:
• Warm the solvent so that it will
dissolve more, then cool the
solution
• Evaporate some of the solvent
carefully so that the solute does
not solidify and come out of
solution.
Practical Application
Supersaturated
solution of
sodium acetate
to make a “heat
pack.”
Ionic Solutions
How do we know ions
are present in aqueous
solutions?
The solutions conduct
electricity!
They are called
ELECTROLYTES
HCl, MgCl , and NaCl
2
are strong electrolytes.
They dissociate
completely (or nearly
so) into ions.
Nonelectrolytes
Substances that
dissolve in water but
do not conduct
electricity:
Sugar
Ethanol
Ethylene Glycol
Electrolytes in the Body
Carry messages to and
from the brain as
electrical signals
Maintain cellular function
with the correct
concentrations
electrolytes
Solubility
Factors affecting solubility:
Temperature – In general, solubility
increases with temperature
Pressure - The higher the pressure
above a liquid, the more soluble the gas
is in the liquid.
Temperature and Solubility
Pressure and Solubility
Percent Concentration (V/V)
The two “Percent” methods for measuring
Concentration are Volume/Volume (V/V) and Mass/Mass
(m/m).
Let’s look at the V/V method 1st:
The formula for % Concentration (V/V) is:
Percent (V/V) = Volume of solute x 100
Volume of Solution
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Percent Concentration (V/V)
Using Percent (V/V) to specify Concentration is used when
BOTH the solute and solvent are liquids
Example: water + vinegar (H20 + CH3COOH)
It also assumes no INTERACTION (i.e. reaction) between
The solute and the solvent.
And notice that we are dividing the volume of the SOLUTE
By the volume of the SOLUTION – not the other way around
Percent (V/V) = Volume of Solute x 100
Volume of Solution
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Percent Concentration (V/V)
V/V solution concentrations tells us what % of solute is
present in the solution. Doubling the amount of solute will
Not necessarily double the % V/V. As we add solute to the
solvent the volume of the solvent also increases.
% V/V = 3/9 = 33% % V/V = 6/12 = 50%
How much solute and solvent is present in each?
AND REMEMBER ! It is essential to express both the
Solute and the solution volumes in the SAME UNITS.
For example Liters and Liters or Milliliters and Milliliters,
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Percent (V/V) Problem
27 ml of ethanol are dissolved in 270 ml of Octane.
What is the % Concentration of Ethanol?
% Conc. (V/V) = 27 ml x 100 = 9.1%
(27 + 270)
What is the concentration in % (V/V) if 1.5 ml of Vinegar
Is dissolved in 30 ml of water?
% conc. of vinegar (V/V) = 1.5 ml x 100 = 4.76 %
(1.5 + 30)
Note: Vinegar bought at the store is about a 5% sol’n 18
Percent Concentration (m/m)
Percent Concentration by mass, % (m/m), is calculated very
Much like the % (v/v) method:
Percent (m/m) = Mass of solute x 100
Mass of Solution
NOTE it’s the mass of the Solution and NOT the just the
Solvent.
As in v/v calculations the total mass + mass mass
=
solution is equal to the sum of
Both the Solute and the Solvent
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Percent (m/m) Problem
1) What is the % Concentration (m/m) of I2 if 16.7g of I2
Are dissolved in 250g of ethanol?
% Conc. (m/m) = 16.7g x 100 = 6.26%
(16.7g + 250g)
2) 24g of AgNO3 were dissolved in 125ml of water. What
Is the % concentration (m/m) of AgNO3 in solution?
Desity of H2O = 1g/ml; the mass of the water = 125g
Conc. of AgNO3 (m/m) = 24g x 100 = 16.1%
(24 + 125)
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