REVIEWER IN ENGLISH 9
1. Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs
(helping verbs) that express
possibility, necessity, permission,
obligation, or ability.
Common modals: can, could, may,
might, must, shall, should, will,
Functions of Modal Verbs:
• Ability → can (“She can swim.”)
• Possibility → might/may (“It might
rain later.”)
• Permission → may/can (“You may
borrow this book.”)
• Obligation/Necessity → must/shall
(“Students must wear ID at all
times.”)
• Advice/Recommendation →
should/ought to (“You should study
harder.”)
• Hypothetical/Imaginary situations →
would (“If I were rich, I would travel
the world.”)
• Prohibition → must not/cannot
(“Visitors must not use their phones
here.”)
Must = strict requirement
should = advice
can/may = permission
might = possibility
2. Conditional Sentences
Conditionals describe results that
depend on certain conditions. They
usually follow the if-clause + main
Types of Conditionals:
[Link] Conditional → General truths,
always true
Form: If + present tense, present tense
Example: “If you heat water to 100°C, it
boils.”
[Link] Conditional → Likely future
situations
Form: If + present tense, will + verb
Example: “If you study hard, you will
3. Second Conditional → Imaginary/unreal
present or future
Form: If + past tense, would + verb
Example: “If I won the lottery, I would buy
a car.”
4. Third Conditional → Unreal past (regrets,
missed opportunities)
Form: If + past perfect, would have + past
participle
Example: “If I had studied, I would have
Uses:
• “Will” → certainty about the future.
• “Would” → imaginary or unreal
situations.
• Third conditional → regrets.
• Zero conditional → facts/scientific
truths.
3. Communicative Styles
Communicative style refers to how
language is used depending on context,
relationship, and formality.
Types of Styles:
[Link] → fixed, memorized expressions;
formal and unchanging.
Example: National anthem, pledges,
prayers.
3. Formal → serious, polite, structured;
used in speeches, reports, ceremonies.
Example: “Ladies and gentlemen,
welcome to our program.”
4. Consultative → semi-formal, two-way
conversation; used between teacher and
student, doctor and patient.
Example: “Could you explain the lesson
again?”
2. Formal → serious, polite, structured;
used in speeches, reports, ceremonies.
Example: “Ladies and gentlemen,
welcome to our program.”
3. Consultative → semi-formal, two-way
conversation; used between teacher and
student, doctor and patient.
Example: “Could you explain the lesson
again?”
4. Casual → everyday, informal language
with slang or idioms; among peers.
Example: “Hey, what’s up?”
5. Intimate → private, personal
communication with close relationships.
Example: nicknames, inside jokes, pet
names.
4. Vocabulary and Clarity in
Communication
The choice of words affects clarity,
professionalism, and participation in
communication.
• Formal/Academic Vocabulary → for
reports, speeches, announcements.
• Casual/Slang → for friends, informal
talks.
• Technical/Jargon → for specific fields
(science, math, medicine). Should be
explained if the audience is not familiar.
• Simple/Direct Words → best for giving
instructions or explaining new ideas.
REMEMBER:
• Use formal, respectful language in
academic and official contexts.
• Use casual, relaxed language with
friends.
• Avoid slang/jargon in professional or
academic communication unless
explained.
• Clarity is more important than
complexity—if listeners don’t
• Modal verbs help show ability,
obligation, permission, advice, and
possibility.
• Conditionals describe different kinds of
situations: facts, possible futures,
imaginary events, and past regrets.
• Communicative styles depend on the
situation—formal in ceremonies, casual
with friends, consultative in respectful
two-way talks,
intimate with close relationships, frozen
for
unchanging texts.
• Vocabulary choice determines clarity—
formal for official use, simple words for
instructions, avoid unnecessary jargon,
slang only for casual chats.