Determinants
MATRICES
• A matrix is an array
of numbers that are 1 3
arranged in rows
and columns. -½ 0
• A matrix is “square”
if it has the same
number of rows as
columns. -3 8 ¼
• We will consider
only 2x2 and 3x3 2 0 -¾
square matrices
4 180 11
Note the difference in the matrix
DETERMINANTS and the determinant of the
matrix!
1 3
• Every square matrix
has a determinant. -½ 0
• The determinant of a
matrix is a number.
• We will consider the -3 8 ¼
determinants only of
2x2 and 3x3 matrices. 2 0 -¾
4 180 11
WHY DO WE NEED THE
DETERMINANT
• It is used to help us
calculate the inverse of a
matrix and it is used when
finding the area of a
triangle
Finding Determinants of Matrices
Notice the different symbol:
3 2
the straight lines tell you to
5 4
find the determinant!!
3 2
5 4
= (3 * 4) - (-5 * 2)
= 12 - (-
= 10)22
Finding Determinants of Matrices
2 0 3 2 0
1 2 5 1 -2
1 4 2 -1 4
= [(2)(-2)(2) + (0)(5)(-1) + (3)(1)
(4)]
- [(3)(-2)(-1) + (2)(5)(4) + (0)(1)
= (2)]
[-8 + 0 - [6 + 40 + 0]
+12]
= 4 – 6 - 40 = -42
Using matrix equations
Identity Square matrix with 1’s on the
matrix: diagonal and zeros everywhere else
1 0 2 x 2 identity matrix
0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
3 x 3 identity matrix
0 0 1
The identity matrix is to matrix multiplication
as1 ___ is to regular multiplication!!!!
Multiply:
1 0 5 2 5 2
3 4 =
3
4
0 1
5 2 1 0 5 2
=
3 4 0 1 3 4
So, the identity matrix multiplied by any matrix
lets the “any” matrix keep its identity!
Mathematically, IA = A and AI = A !!
Using matrix
equations
Inverse Matrix: 2 x 2
a b
A
c d
1 1 d b
A ad bc c a
In words:
•Take the original matrix.
•Switch a and d.
•Change the signs of b and c.
•Multiply the new matrix by 1 over the determinant of the original matrix.
Using matrix
equations
Example: Find the inverse of A.
2 4
A
4 10
1 1 10 4
A (2)( 10) ( 4)(4) 4 2
5
1 1 10 4 1
A
4 4
2 = 2
1
1
2
Find the inverse matrix.
8 3
1 Matrix
Inverse =
5 2 det Reloaded
Matrix A
Det A = 8(2) – (-5)(-3) = 16 – 15 = 1
1 2 3 2 3
= =
1
5 8
5 8
What happens when you multiply a matrix by its inver
1
1 :
st 7
What happens when you multiply a number by its inverse?
7
A & B are inverses. Multiply them.
8 3 2 3 1 0
=
5 2 5 8
0 1
So, AA-1 = I
Why do we need to know all this?
To Solve Problems!
Solve for Matrix X.
8 3 4 1
X =
5 2 3 1
We need to “undo” the coefficient matrix. Multiply it by its INVERSE!
2 3 8 3 2 3 4 1
X =
5 8 5 2 5 8 3 1
1 0 1 1
0 1
X =
4 3
1 1
X =
4 3
Using matrix
equations
You can take a system of equations and write it
with
matrices!!!
3x + 2y = 11 3 2 x 11
becomes y = 8 Answer matrix
2 1
2x + y = 8
Coefficient Variable
matrix matrix
Using matrix equations
3 2 x 11
Example: Solve y = 8 for x and y .
2 1
Let A be the coefficient matrix.
Multiply both sides of the equation by the inverse of A.
3 2 -1 1 1 2 1 2
x 11 A 1
=
1 2 3
=
A 2 1 2 3
y 8
1 2 3 2 x 1 2 11
1 x 1 11
A A A y = 8
2 3 2 1 2 3
y 8
1 0 x 5
x 1 11 y = 2
y A 8 0 1
x 5
y = 2
Using matrix equations
Wow!!!! x = 5; y = -2 It works!!!!
Check: 3x + 2y = 11 3(5) + 2(-2) =
11
2x + y = 8
2(5) + (-2) = 8
You Try…
Solve:
4x + 6y = 14
2x – 5y = -9
(1/2, 2)
You Try…
Solve:
2x + 3y + z = -1
3x + 3y + z = 1
2x + 4y + z = -2
(2, -1, -2)
Real Life Example:
You have $10,000 to invest. You want to invest the money
in a stock mutual fund, a bond mutual fund, and a money
market fund. The expected annual returns for these funds
are given in the table.
You want your investment to obtain an overall annual
return of 8%. A financial planner recommends that you
invest the same amount in stocks as in bonds and the money
market combined. How much should you invest in each
fund?
To isolate the variable matrix, RIGHT multiply by the inverse of A
1 1
A AX A B
1
X A B
Solution: ( 5000, 2500, 2500)
SUMBITTED TO-MR
KAPIL VISHNOI
SUMBITTED BY-AAYUSH
CHAUDHARY
CLASS-12A