Good day,
everyone!
Grade 12
Let’s analyze this picture!
Guide Questions:
• How
many pancakes can you
make with 4 eggs, 2 cups flour,
and 1 cup milk?
• Which
ingredient limits the
number of pancakes?
Stoichiometric
Calculations &
Chemical Reactions
Introduction to Stoichiometry
• Chemistscalculate the right amount of
chemicals for medicines, food, and reactions.
• Determinesquantitative relationships
between reactants and products.
• Usesmole ratios or mass ratios from
balanced chemical equations.
• Mole Method: uses moles to measure
relationships in a reaction.
Mole-to-Mole Calculations
• Purpose:
Findmoles of a substance given moles of
another substance in the reaction.
• Steps:
Write balanced equation.
Identify known and unknown substances.
Use mole ratios from the equation to
convert.
Example 1: Grilled Cheese
Analogy
• Equation: 2 slices bread + 1 slice cheese → 1
sandwich
• Given:
10 slices bread
5 slices cheese
Ratio: 2 bread : 1 cheese : 1 sandwich
From cheese: 5 × (1 sandwich / 1 cheese) = 5
sandwiches
From bread: 10 × (1 sandwich / 2 bread) = 5
sandwiches
Answer: 5 sandwiches
Example 2: Vinegar Production
• Equation: CH₃CH₂OH + O₂ → CH₃COOH
+ H₂O
• Given:
10 mol CH₃CH₂OH
Ratio: 1 mol ethanol → 1 mol acetic
acid
• Calculation:
10 × (1 mol CH₃COOH / 1 mol
CH₃CH₂OH) = 10 mol CH₃COOH
Example 3: Cellular Respiration
• Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ +
6H₂O
• Given:
45.90 mol glucose
Ratio: 1 mol glucose → 6 mol CO₂
• Calculation:
45.90 × (6 mol CO₂ / 1 mol glucose) =
275.4 mol CO₂
Mass-to-Mole Relationship
• Concept:
Convert
mass of substance → moles of
known → moles of unknown.
• Steps:
Find moles of known substance.
Use mole ratio from equation.
Find moles of unknown substance.
Example 4: Platinum with Aqua
Regia
• Equation:Pt + 4HNO₃ + 6HCl →
H₂PtCl₆ + 4NO₂ + 4H₂O
• Given: 0.58 g Pt, molar mass = 195
g/mol
Ratio: 1 mol Pt → 1 mol H₂PtCl₆
• Calculation:
0.58 × (1 mol Pt / 195 g) × (1 mol
H₂PtCl₆ / 1 mol Pt) = 0.003 mol H₂PtCl₆
Example 5: Haber Process
• Equation: 3H₂ + N₂ → 2NH₃
• Given: 108.9 g NH₃, molar mass = 17
g/mol
Ratio: 2 mol NH₃ → 1 mol N₂
• Calculation:
108.9 × (1 mol NH₃ / 17 g) × (1 mol
N₂ / 2 mol NH₃) = 3.203 mol N₂
Mole-to-Mass Relationship
• Concept:
Convert
moles of known → moles of
unknown → mass of unknown.
Example 6: Potassium & Water
• Equation: 2K + 2H₂O → 2KOH +
H₂
• Given:
8.56 mol K
Ratio: 2 mol K → 2 mol KOH
Molar mass KOH = 56 g/mol
• Calculation:
8.56 × (2 mol KOH / 2 mol K) × (56
g / 1 mol KOH) = 479 g KOH
Example 7: Gold Extraction
• Equation:
4Au + 8KCN + O₂ + 2H₂O →
4KAu(CN)₂ + 4KOH
• Given:
38.60 mol Au
Ratio: 4 mol Au → 8 mol KCN
Molar mass KCN = 65 g/mol
• Calculation:
38.60 × (8 mol KCN / 4 mol Au) × (65 g
/ 1 mol KCN) = 5018.9 g KCN
Mass-to-Mass Relationship
• Concept:
Massof known → moles of known → moles of
unknown → mass of unknown.
Example 8: Baking Soda
Decomposition
• Equation: 2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂
• Given:
20.5 g CO₂
Molar masses: NaHCO₃ = 84 g/mol, CO₂ =
44 g/mol
Ratio: 2 mol NaHCO₃ → 1 mol CO₂
• Calculation:
20.5 × (1 mol CO₂ / 44 g) × (2 mol NaHCO₃ /
1 mol CO₂) × (84 g / 1 mol)
= 78.3 g NaHCO₃
Example 9: Rocket Fuel
• Equation:
3NH₄ClO₄ + 3Al → Al₂O₃ + AlCl₃ +
3NO + 6H₂O
• Given:
25.07 g Al₂O₃
Molar masses: Al₂O₃ = 102 g/mol, NO = 30
g/mol
Ratio: 1 mol Al₂O₃ → 3 mol NO
• Calculation:
25.07 × (1 mol / 102 g) × (3 mol NO / 1 mol
Al₂O₃) × (30 g / 1 mol NO)
= 22.12 g NO
Limiting Reagent & Excess
Reagent
• Limiting
reagent: completely used
up; determines maximum product.
• Excessreagent: left over after the
reaction.
Percent Yield
• Formula:
% yield = (actual yield / theoretical
yield) × 100
Example 10: Nitric Acid Production
• Equation: 4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O
• Given: 4.398 g NH₃, 13.54 g O₂
• Step 1: Moles of NO
• From NH₃: 0.2587 mol NO
• From O₂: 0.3385 mol NO
Limiting reagent: NH₃
• Step 2: Theoretical yield
4.398 g NH₃ → 7.761 g NO
• Step 3: Excess reagent left
O₂ unused = 3.19 g
• Step 4: Percent yield (actual yield = 6.632 g NO)