Networking
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What is a Network ?
A set of communicating devices connected
by some medium to exchange meaningful
information.
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Advantages
• Sharing of resources
• High reliability
• Save money
• Provides a powerful communication medium
among widely separated people
• Work can be distributed among several
computing devices.
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Overview
• Communication involves transfer of
information from a sender to a receiver.
• Data Communication refers to exchange of
digital information between two digital
devices.
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Contd...
• Data transmission is physical movement of
information.
• Data communication refers to meaningful
exchange of information between the
communicating entities.
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Data Communication Model
Components
Source System Destination System
Source Receiver
Transmission
System
Transmitter Destination
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Example…
Source System Destination System
Modem
Telephone
Network
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Modem
Types of Network
•Private Network
•Public Network
•Broadcast Network
•Switched Network
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Line Configuration
• Line configuration refers to the way two or
more devices are connected to a link.
• Point-to-Point and Multipoint
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Line Configuration [ Point-to-Point ]
Link
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Line Configuration [ Multipoint ]
Link
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Network
Topologies
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Type of Topology
• MESH
• STAR
• TREE
• BUS
• RING
• HYBRID
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MESH TOPOLOGY
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STAR TOPOLOGY
HUB
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TREE Topology
HUB
HUB
HUB
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BUS Topology
Drop Line Drop Line Drop Line
TAP
Backbone Cable
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RING Topology
EN
TO K
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Different Networks
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
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Local Area Network
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Local Area Network
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Metropolitan Area Network
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Wide Area Network
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A bigger Network
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Prerequisites
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Types of Signal
Analog: Continuous
Can have an infinite number of
values in a range
Digital : Discrete
Can have only limited number
of values
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Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
• Periodic Signal
Completes a pattern within a period and
repeats that pattern over identical subsequent
periods.
[ Consists of a continuously repeated pattern ]
• Aperiodic Signal
Changes constantly without exhibiting any
pattern over time.
[ Aperiodic signal
Anuphas repetitive pattern ]
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Joshi-Ruia
Characteristics of Analog Signals
• Amplitude : (a)
The height of the signal.
Measured in volts, amperes, or watts
• Period : ( T )
Amount of time a signal needs to complete a
cycle.
Measured in seconds
• Frequency : ( f )
Number of cycles per second
( Rate of change wrt time)
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Measured in Hertz ( Hz )
Characteristics of Analog Signals
• Frequency = 1 / Period
• Phase : ( P )
It describes the position of the
waveform relative to time zero.
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Phases
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Frequency Spectrum & Bandwidth
• Frequency Spectrum :
It is a collection of all the component
frequencies it contains.
• Bandwidth :
It is a width of the frequency spectrum.
Bandwidth = high freq – low freq
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Bit Interval & Bit Rate
• Most of the digital signals are aperiodic, therefore
frequency and period are not applicable.
• Bit interval : The time required to send a single
bit.
• Bit rate : The number of bits sent /sec.
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Encoding
And
Modulation
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Encoding
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D-to-A Encoding
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Analog to Digital Encoding
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Analog to Analog Modulation
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Transmission
Media
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Transmission Media
Magnetic Tape Drum Floppy
Twisted Coaxial Optical
Guided Pair Cable Fiber
Unguided Radio Micro Infrared
Waves Waves Waves
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Thank
You
Anup Joshi-Ruia College