SHELL
MODEL
TYPES OF ELEMENTS
CHEMICALLY
CHEMICALL
ACTIVE Y INACTIVE
Shell model;
background
1. In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear
shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus which
uses the Pauli exclusion principle to describe the
structure of the nucleus in terms of energy levels. The
first shell model was proposed by Dmitry
Iv(anenkotogether with E. Gapon) in 1932. The model
was developed in 1949 following independent work by
several physicists, most notably Eugene Paul
Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen,
who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics for their
contributions
SHELL MODEL
MAGIC NUMBERS
The shell model is partly analogous to the atomic shell model which describes the
arrangement of electrons in an atom, in that a filled shell results in greater stability.
When adding nucleons (protons or neutrons) to a nucleus, there are certain points
where the binding energy of the next nucleon is significantly less than the last one. This
observation, that there are certain magic numbers of nucleons: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82,
126 which are more tightly bound than the next higher number, is the origin of the shell
model.
The shells for protons and for neutrons are independent of each other. Therefore, "magic nuclei"
exist in which one nucleon type or the other is at a magic number, and "doubly magic nuclei", where
both are. Due to some variations in orbital filling, the upper magic numbers are 126 and,
speculatively, 184 for neutrons but only 114 for protons, playing a role in the search for the so-
called island of stability. Some semi magic numbers have been found, notably Z = 40 giving nuclear
shell filling for the various elements; 16 may also be a magic number. [2]
ENERGY LEVEL
DIAGRAM
NUCLEAR POTENTIAL AND SHELL
MODEL
The shell model of the nucleus presumes that
a given nucleon moves in an effective
attractive potential formed by all the other
[Link] that is true ,then the potentialis
probably roughly proportional to the nuclear
density and therefore could be written as;