Basic Processing Unit
Overview
Instruction Set Processor (ISP)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A typical computing task consists of a series
of steps specified by a sequence of machine
instructions that constitute a program.
An instruction is executed by carrying out a
sequence of more rudimentary operations.
Some Fundamental
Concepts
Fundamental Concepts
Processor fetches one instruction at a time and
perform the operation specified.
Instructions are fetched from successive memory
locations until a branch or a jump instruction is
encountered.
Processor keeps track of the address of the memory
location containing the next instruction to be fetched
using Program Counter (PC).
Instruction Register (IR)
Executing an Instruction
Fetch the contents of the memory location pointed
to by the PC. The contents of this location are
loaded into the IR (fetch phase).
IR ← [[PC]]
Assuming that the memory is byte addressable,
increment the contents of the PC by 4 (fetch phase).
PC ← [PC] + 4
Carry out the actions specified by the instruction in
the IR (execution phase).
Hardware Components
Data Processing Hardware
Atypical computation operates on data stored in registers. These data are
processed by combinational circuits, such as adders, and the results are
placed into a register.
A clock signal is used to control the timing of data transfers. The registers
comprise edge-triggered flip-flops into which new data are loaded at the
active edge of the clock.
The clock period, which is the time between two successive rising edges,
must be long enough to allow the combinational circuit to produce the
correct result.
Data Processing Hardware(Cont..)
Instruction Execution
Load Instructions:
Load R5,X(R7)
Arithmetic and Logic Instructions:
Add R3,R4,R5
Add R3,R4,#1000
Store Instructions:
Store R6, X(R8)
Hardware Components
Register File
Hardware Components (Cont..)
ALU
Hardware Components (Cont..)
Datapath
Hardware Components (Cont..)
Instruction Fetch Section
Instruction Fetch and
Execution Steps
Add R3,R4,R5
Hardwired Control