PHYSICS
MAGNETS
What’s is Magnet
▪ A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property
of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as
iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, etc. and attracts or repels other magnets.
▪ A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is
magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday
example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator
door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are
strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic
). These include the elements iron, nickel and cobalt and their alloys,
some alloys of rare-earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals
such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials
are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly
considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic
field, by one of several other types of magnetism.
Discovery of Magnet
▪ Ancient people learned about magnetism from lodestones (or
magnetite) which are naturally magnetized pieces of iron ore. The
word magnet was adopted in Middle English from Latin magnetum "
lodestone", ultimately from Greek meaning "[stone] from
Magnesia", a place in Anatolia where lodestones were found (today
Manisa in modern-day Turkey). Lodestones, suspended so they could
turn, were the first magnetic compasses. The earliest known surviving
descriptions of magnets and their properties are from Anatolia, India,
and China around 2500 years ago. The properties of lodestones and
their affinity for iron were written of by Pliny the Elder in his
encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.
Properties of Magnet
The Important properties of a magnet are:
▪ Magnet has two poles - South pole and North pole.
▪ Poles of magnet cannot be isolated.
▪ Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract
each other.
▪ Freely suspended magnet aligns is N-S direction.
Poles of Magnet
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Magnetic Field
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic
influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic
materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force
perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field. A
permanent magnet's magnetic field pulls on ferromagnetic materials
such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets. In addition, a non-
uniform magnetic field exerts minuscule forces on "nonmagnetic"
materials by three other magnetic effects: paramagnetism,
diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, although these forces are
usually so small they can only be detected by laboratory equipment.
Magnetic fields surround magnetized materials, and are created by
electric currents such as those used in electromagnets, and by
electric fields varying in time. Since both strength and direction of a
magnetic field may vary with location, it is described mathematically
by a function assigning a vector to each point of space, called a
vector field.
Magnetic Field Lines
Field lines is an alternative way to represent the information
contained within a magnetic vector field. Magnetic field lines are
imaginary lines. The density of the lines indicates the magnitude of
the field. Taking an instance, the magnetic field is stronger and
crowded near the poles of a magnet. As we move away from the
poles, it is weak, and the lines become less dense.
Properties of Magnetic Field Lines:
▪ Magnetic field lines never cross each other
▪ The density of the field lines indicates the strength of the field
▪ Magnetic field lines always make closed loops
▪ Magnetic field lines always emerge or start from the north pole and
terminate at the south pole.
Attraction between Magnets
▪ Magnets exert forces and torques on each other due to the rules of
electromagnetism. The forces of attraction field of magnets are due to
microscopic currents of electrically charged electrons orbiting nuclei and the
intrinsic magnetism of fundamental particles (such as electrons) that make up
the material. Both of these are modeled quite well as tiny loops of current
called magnetic dipoles that produce their own magnetic field and are affected
by external magnetic fields. The most elementary force between magnets is
the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction. If all of the magnetic dipoles that make
up two magnets are known then the net force on both magnets can be
determined by summing up all these interactions between the dipoles of the
first magnet and that of the second.
▪ It is often more convenient to model the force between two magnets as being
due to forces between magnetic poles having magnetic charges spread over
them. Positive and negative magnetic charge is always connected by a string
of magnetized material; isolated magnetic charge does not exist. This model
works well in predicting the forces between simple magnets where good
models of how the magnetic charge is distributed are available.
Repulsion between Magnets
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THE END
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