CORE
COMPONEN
group
TS1
Core Components
-are the most essential and
indispensable elements or features of
something, be it a product, system,
program, or concept
Processor (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is
the primary component of a
computer that acts as its “control
center”. it manages all operations
by processing data, running
programs, and coordinating
activities between other
components
Processor (CPU)
HISTORY OF
CPU
• 1940s: Von Neumann, Eckert, and Mauchly introduced the stored instruc
digital computer
• 1970s: CPUs were large and used in mainframe computers
• 1971: Intel 4004 – first microprocessor
• 1972: Intel 8008 – helped start home computing
• 1979: Intel 8088 – used in the first IBM PC
• Cache memory was developed and improved
• CPUs became smaller, faster, and more efficient
Processor (CPU)
MAIN COMPONENTS OF
•
CPU
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – performs
simple arithmetic and logical
operations.
• CU (Control Unit) – Directs and
interprets instructions
• Registers / Memory Unit – Temporarily
stores data and instructions
Processor (CPU)
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
CPUthe instruction from
• Fetch – Retrieves
memory
• Decode – Understands and interprets the
instruction
• Execute – Performs the required task
• Store – Stores the results of the executed
instructions back into memory or registers for
later use.
GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT (GPU)
-is a specialized processor
designed to rapidly render
images, videos, and animations.
It performs many tasks
simultaneously, making it ideal
for graphics rendering, gaming,
video editing, and tasks like AI
and scientific computing.
GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT (GPU)
USES OF THE
• ProcessGPU
Graphics Data – Converts 3D models and textures
into a 2D image
• Perform Parallel Computation – Executes thousands of
operations simultaneously
• Render Images – Draws images, animations, and video on
the screen
• Assist CPU – Offloads tasks from the CPU, especially in
gaming, simulation, and AI workloads
GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT (GPU)
PARTS OF
• CUDA Cores / Stream Processors – Perform arithmetic and logic
GPU
operations in parallel
• Shader Units – Handle shading and lighting effects for 3D
graphics
• VRAM (Video RAM) – Dedicated memory for storing textures,
frames, and other graphics data
• Graphics Pipeline – Series of stages that transform 3D models
into pixels on the screen
• Display Output Interface – Sends final rendered images to
monitors (HDMI, DisplayPort)
GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT (GPU)
mini
FORM FACTORS OF full
size
GPU
• Full-Size (Standard) – Common in
desktops; large with multiple fans.
• Mini / Compact – Smaller for SFF builds;
low-profile external
fewer or smaller coolers.
• Low-Profile – Shorter height for slim PCs;
compact cooling.
• External (eGPU) – External units for
laptops via Thunderbolt/USB-C
GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT (GPU)
HISTORY OF
• 1980s: Basic 2D graphics cards were introduced for display enhancement
•
GPU
1999: NVIDIA introduced the GeForce 256, the first GPU with hardware transform
and lighting
• 2006: NVIDIA introduced CUDA, enabling GPUs to be used for general-purpose
computing (GPGPU)
• 2010s: GPUs became essential for gaming, machine learning, and crypto mining
• Modern GPUs:
• Feature thousands of cores for massive parallelism
• Used in data centers, AI training, autonomous vehicles, and more
• Ray tracing, real-time 3D rendering, and DLSS became key technologies in recent
GPUs
MOTHERBOARD
-A motherboard, also called the main
board, system board, or mobo, is the main
circuit board of a computer.
It is the main circuit board inside the
computer that connects and allows
communication between all of the other
crucial components in a computer, such as
the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and
input/output devices.
The motherboard is like the “Central
Nervous System” of a computer; without
it, none of the parts will work together
MOTHERBOARD
USES OF THE
MOTHERBOARD
• It connects and integrates all the components of a
computer (like the CPU, RAM, ROM, USB Slots, and other
peripherals), allowing communication between them
• It distributes power to key parts like the CPU, memory,
and fans
• It controls data flow through its chipsets, ensuring the
system runs smoothly
• It determines what hardware is compatible
MOTHERBOARD
PARTS OF THE
MOTHERBOARD
CPU Socket → This is where the CPU is installed, acting as the “brain”
of the computer
RAM Slots → These slots hold RAM modules, which store data the CPU
needs
Expansion Slots (PCI slots) → These slots allow for the addition of
expansion cards like graphics cards, sound cards, or network cards.
Storage Ports (SATA, M.2) → These ports connect storage devices like
hard drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD), providing long-term
data storage.
Chipset → It acts as a central hub, managing data flow between the
CPU, RAM, and other components.
MOTHERBOARD
PARTS OF THE
MOTHERBOARD
BIOS/UEFI Chip → This chip contains the Basic Input/Output System or
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface, which starts the system and
loads basic settings
CMOS Battery → A small battery that keeps BIOS settings and clock
even when the PC is off
Power Connectors → These connectors receive power from the PSU and
distribute it to various components on the motherboard
I/O Ports (Back Panel) → These ports are found in the back of the
computer that connect external devices like monitors, keyboard, mouse
Front Panel Connectors → Link the power/reset buttons and LED
indicators to the board
MOTHERBOARD
FORM FACTORS OF
MOTHERBOARD
→ Refers to the standardized sizes, layouts,
and other specifications of motherboards
Common Types of Form Factors:
• ATX – Standard size and the most
• Micro-ATX – Smaller, with fewer expansion
slots
• Mini-ITX – Compact, used in small or
portable PCs
• Nano-ITX – Smaller than Mini-ITX and is
used in embedded systems and
MOTHERBOARD
THE HISTORY OF
• MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard evolved from another device called a “backplane.”
• The first backplane to qualify as a motherboard was the Planar
Breadboard, designed by Engr. Patty McHugh who is an engineer
working at International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
• In 1984, IBM introduced the advanced-technology (AT) motherboard,
now called the “full AT,” which has the same design that’s still familiar
today and became the standardized motherboard for all desktops and
tower cases.
• Today’s motherboards support Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, SSDs, RGB Lights, and
more advanced features