SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,

INC.

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
Intro to Quantitative
Research
 GOLDEN RULE

Be OKAY!
O- Own your actions
K- Keep a growth mindset
A- Always Be Prepared
Y- YES to Participation!
 Which of the two pictures shows Qualitative?
Quantitative?
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson,

the learner should be able
to:
[Link] quantitative
research.
[Link] qualitative
 PAUSE AND ENGAGE

• What is quantitative research?

• What is the diff erence between
qualitative and quantitative
research?
• What is the diff erence between
inductive and deductive
reasoning?
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

INTRO TO
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
 REFERENCE/S:

Melegrito, F. & Mendoza, D.

(2016). Applied Research: An
Introduction to Quantitative
Research Methods and Report
Writing. The Padayon Series.
Phoenix Publishing House. pg. 9-
10
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• A systematic and objective

investigation of phenomena.
• It gathers numerical data via
structured tools.
• Utilizes statistical,
mathematical, or
computational techniques to
describe, explain, predict, or
control variables.
 CHARACTERISTICS

3. Statistical Treatment
• Applies measures like mean, correlation,
regression to analyze results.
4. Generalizability
• If sampling is valid, outcomes represent larger
populations.
 CHARACTERISTICS

5. Hypothesis Testing
• Begins with a theory or hypothesis and uses
data to test it.
 CORE PREOCCUPATIONS

a. Measurement
• Measurement must be both reliable (consistent) and valid
(accurately gauging the concept).

b. Causality
• Explains why relationships occur
• Examines cause-and-effect, involving independent and
dependent variables.
c. Generalization
• Emphasizes using representative samples so findings can
be applied more broadly.
 COMPLETE THE TABLE

Directions: Put a check (/) if the

following statement describes
qualitative research, and (x) if it
describes quantitative research.
(✓) or (✗) Statements Explanations
1. Places more emphasis on the perspective of
those who experience it

2. Interested not only in examining the

phenomenon but also its causes

3. Immerses oneself and views meaning as

more context- and time-specific, and in most
cases, not generalizable

4. Attempts to remain independent or detached

from the phenomena that one studies

5. Uses interpretive frameworks

6. Concerned about findings that can be
generalized
7. Applies the deductive method
8. Applies the inductive method
9. Concerned about in-depth understanding of
the situation
10. Concerned about numerical data
 ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

Why is a solid understanding of

the characteristics that
distinguish quantitative
research from qualitative
research important in choosing a
research method for a study?
 MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct,

otherwise, write the correct answer.
_____1. Quantitative research uses interpretive
frameworks.
_____2. Quantitative research applies the inductive
method.
_____3. Quantitative research is concerned about
numerical data.
_____4. Quantitative research is concerned about
fi ndings that can be generalized.
 Generalization

How can the principles of

quantitative research be applied
to make decisions in our daily
lives?
 A1Z26 GAME
Directions: Decipher a word using the A1Z26 game. Get
the word by deciphering the numbers to its
corresponding letter.
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

NATURE OF
INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson,

the learner should be able
to:
1. Identify the characteristics
of quantitative research.
2. Determine the goals of
quantitative research.
 CHARACTERISTICS

1. Empirical
• It is based on observing and experimenting
theories.
2. Systematic
• It sorts an orderly pattern and sequential
procedure.
 CHARACTERISTICS

3. Controlled
• All variables are kept constant except those
that are tested and experimented.
4. Hypothential
• It is guiding an investigation process
 CHARACTERISTICS

5. Analytical
• It appears no error in its interpretation which is
observed in critical analysis of all data.
6. Objective
• It is unbiased and logical because all findings
are logically based on proper experiment and
investigation.
 CHARACTERISTICS

7. Transformative
• Data can be numerical measures and are treated
statistically because it employs quantitative or
statistical methods.
8. Original/Authentic
• A research possesses/portrays the value of
uniqueness, novelty, and definiteness of ones’
own work.
 CHARACTERISTICS

9. A research is always done by an expert

because he uses valid data gathering, valid
and carefully designed procedures.

10. It must be persistent and leisured to

ensure that the activity has accuracy.

11. It must require effort-making capacity.

 CHARACTERISTICS

12. It requires great bravery and courage.

13. It has logical backgrounds that help to

create principles, ideas, and facts.
14. It is able to answer all questions
needed.
 GOALS OF RESEARCH

1. Description
• This refers to the way in which the phenomena
being studied is defined, classified, and
categorized. The goal of describing is to provide
essential information.
 GOALS OF RESEARCH

2. Prediction
• It entails stating the possible consequences of
present events based on existing knowledge of
something else.
 GOALS OF RESEARCH

3.
Understanding/Explanation
• This is the process of analyzing information to
find out the causes behind phenomena.
• To understand and explain data, a relationship
between events must already be established; one
should cause the effect to other; and other
explanations of causality between them must be
ruled out.
GROUP TASK: TEXT ANALYZATION

Directions: Directions: Analyze the text and answer the following questions.
a. What kind of research produces this kind of news?
b. What instrument was utilized to come up with a result?
c. Who are the sample population of the said survey?
d. What is the result of the survey?
e. Is the result reliable? Why or why not?
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

NATURE OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson,

the learner should be able
to:

1. Describe the strengths and

weaknesses of quantitative
research.
2. Share the importance of
quantitative research across
fields.
 STRENGTHS

1. Quantitative approach involves a greater

number of subjects and enables a broader
study, as well as enhancing the
generalization of the results.
 STRENGTHS

2. Study results are more objective and

accurate.

3. Quantitative research, when the right

procedure is used, can be replicated, as well as
analyzed in comparison with other similar works.
 STRENGTHS

4. It is generally easier to summarize, describe,

process, and analyze large volumes of
information when they are in numerical form.

5. Quantitative research is better for projects

where objectivity is desired.
 WEAKNESSES/LIMITATIONS

1. Quantitative data, while they can test a

hypothesis, may be limited in explaining their
context.

2. The research is often conducted in artificial

setting, where a certain level of control is
exercised.
 WEAKNESSES/LIMITATIONS

3. The use of research tools may only reflect the

researcher’s point of view instead of the
subjects.

4. Errors in the measurement or modelling or

the omission of data can easily lead to the
misinterpretation of results.
 STUDY ANALYZATION
Directions: Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the said study.

Study Title: Impact of Exercise on Stress Levels in College Students

Research Question: Does regular exercise have a significant impact on reducing
stress levels in college students?
Participants: 100 college students (50 in the control group, 50 in the exercise group)
Procedure: The control group maintains their regular routines, while the exercise group
engages in 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise three times a week for a period of
8 weeks.
Finding Interpretation: The initial stress levels were relatively similar between the
control and exercise groups. After the 8-week intervention, the exercise group showed
a notable decrease in stress levels, while the control group showed a slight increase.
Participant Feedback: 75% of exercise group participants reported feeling less
stressed compared to 40% in the control group.
 PAUSE AND ENGAGE

Why is identifying the strengths and

weaknesses of quantitative research
fundamental in conducting a research
study?
 EVALUATION
Directions: Identify whether the following statements are strengths or
weaknesses of quantitative research.

1. Quantitative methods are designed to provide summaries of data

that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study.
2. Quantitative research summarizes vast sources of information
and makes comparisons across categories and over time.
3. Rigid and static approach is strictly followed.
4. Biases can be avoided by keeping a 'distance' from participating
subjects.
5. Information on sensitive topics such as violence or income is hard
to obtain.
 CONCEPT MAP
Directions: Complete the concept map presented below. You add figures so long as you will use creativity using the
figures give. Present the importance of quantitative research in the different fields. Maximize the space below.

• ___ • ___

___ ___

___ ___
• ___ • ___
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

IMPORTANCE OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH ACROSS
FIELDS
 QR ACROSS FIELDS

1. Politics, Governance, and Public

Administration
• Quantitative methods are an indispensable tool
for many political scientists and practitioners of
politics.
• It is preferred among political scientists who work
with empirical studies involving large numbers of
people or countries over long period of time.
 QR ACROSS FIELDS

1. Politics, Governance, and Public

Administration
• Government org. also use quantitative methods
to systematically collect and analyze information
to better perform their mandates.
 QR ACROSS FIELDS

2. Business, Management, and

Economics
• Quantitative methods are widely used in
business.
• It is often used to collect and analyze information
on customer preference and product performance
as well as overall business performance.
 QR ACROSS FIELDS

2. Business, Management, and

Economics
• Economics deals with the production, distribution,
and consumption of goods and services, so much
of the information covered in econ. is numerical
such as: per capita income, economic growth
rate, interest rates, etc.
• The use of quanti methods to analyze data is
especially dominant in econometrics.
 QR ACROSS FIELDS

3. Environment and Development

Studies
• Quantitative methods are widely used in the field
of developmental studies.
• Ex: Developmental goals, such as the United
Nation’s Millenium Development Goals (MDG) of
2000-2015 and the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) of 2015-2030.
 QR ACROSS FIELDS

3. Environment and Development

Studies
• Quantitative methods are also used in
environmental studies.
• It is useful for measuring and studying
environmental issues such as depletion rate of
forest covers, impacts of increasing greenhouse
gases, effects of dynamite fishing on the
environment and communities, etc.
 QR ACROSS FIELDS

4. Education, Sociology, and

Psychology
• Quantitative methods are used in education
research.
• One of the most common applications is in
educational assessment which measures the
learning and performance of individuals and
groups.
 QR ACROSS FIELDS

4. Education, Sociology, and

Psychology
• Quantitative methods are also used in
psychology especially in the subfield of
psychometrics, a branch of psychology
concerned with the measurement of traits like
intelligence, skills, knowledge, attitudes,
personality traits, and educational achievement.
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

KINDS OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Descriptive Research
• Involves the collection of data to either test a
hypothesis or describe the variables mentioned in
the study.
• It is generally concerned with investigating,
measuring, and describing one or more aspects
or characteristics of one or more groups,
communities, or phenomenon.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Descriptive Research
• The subjects it deals with are complex and
require systematic research and measurement to
be answered.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
2. Correlational Research
• It tests for the association between two or more
quantifiable variables.
• The correlation between two variables does not
mean that one variable causes the other, but it
can be used to predict their values.
• To determine the strength of the relationship,
researcher get the correlation coefficient and the
p-value.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
3. Causal-Comparative Research
• Attempts to establish cause-effect relationships
among the variables of the study.
• The independent variable usually involves a
demographic (e.g., gender, race, social status) in
which the researcher has no control of.
• Ex: Low percentage of jobless people reduces
the poverty rate of the country.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
4. Experimental Research
• It is similar to causal-comparative research, it
also measures the effect of the independent
variable (cause) to the dependent variable
(effect).
• This type of research is the bedrock of most
sciences, in particular the natural sciences.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
5. Quasi-Experimental Designs
• Are an alternative to determine the causes and
effects between two variables that cannot be
subjected to experimental control.
• This design is used on naturally given
phenomenon and its effect on the people who are
experiencing the occurrence.
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

FEATURES OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
 FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Measurement and Quantitative
Research
• The quantitative research is best for addressing
research problems or questions that require
quantification or measurement.
• It is most suitable for investigating human, social,
behavioral, or organizational aspects or
characteristics that can be measured.
 FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
2. Empiricism and Positivism: The
philosophies of quantitative
research
• Most researchers subscribe to a philosophy
called positivism.
Positivism – authoritative knowledge is believed to
come from empirical observation and the use of
logic.
Empiricism – What cannot be observed using the
five senses cannot be reasonably studied.
 FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
3. Scientifi c Method in the Social
Identify research
Sciences problem and state
research question

Conclude and make Review Related

recommendations Literature

Formulate framework
Analyze data and (if applicable)
hypothesis

Choose data collection

Collect data
method and analysis
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

KINDS OF
VARIABLES
Variables
• The variable is a central idea in quantitative research.
• Quantitative research generally involves the
measurement of one or more observable
characteristics of people, groups, or communities;
these are referred to as variables.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

1. Independent Variables
• It is the factor that is measured, manipulated or
selected by the experimenter to determine its
relationship to an observed phenomenon.
• It is a stimulus variable, or input operates within a
person or within environment to effect behavior.
• IV may be called factor and its variation is called levels.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

2. Dependent Variables
• It is a response variable or output. The dependent
variable is the factor that is observed and measured to
determine the effect of independent variable.
• Dependent variable are also referred to as outcome,
effect, or response variable.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

3. Confounding or Extraneous
Variables
• Variables usually indicated in an experimental
research.
• They are not included in the study but in one way or
another causes effect on the dependent variable.
• Most of the time, these are the variables that are
minimized to lessen their impact on the expected
response.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

4. Discrete Variables
• Are quantitative or numeric variables that are obtained
by counting.
• The number of family members, number of votes,
number of respondents, and number of subjects
enrolled are example of discrete variables.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

5. Continuous Variables
• Are quantitative or numeric variables that are obtained
by measuring or computation.
• Ex: height, weight, length, electric or water
consumption, temperature, income, and general
weighted average.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

6. Quantitative Variables
• Are those variables that give details regarding the
number or level of something.
• These variables count the frequency of responses or
effect.
• Ex: Popularity Contest – The contestant who will get
the highest number of votes as the most well-liked will
be declared the winner.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

7. Qualitative Variables
• Are those variables that represents the kinds or types
of objects.
• They are synonymous with categorical variables.
• They are often categorized into names, labels, or
groups.
 KINDS OF VARIABLES

8. Categorical Variables
• Are those characterize and describe the quality of
data.
• They are often classified into mutually exclusive
categories and extensive categories.
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

VARIABLES AND
THEIR LEVEL OF
MEASUREMENT
Levels of measurement
• Are the association of the values that are linked to a
variable.
Reasons why studying them is important:
1. Proper interpretation of data related to the variable.
For example, gender refers to male and female, and the
study just provided the number of male and female
participants. Then, the idea being conveyed will be easily
expressed.
Reasons why studying them is important:
2. Decisions about the proper statistical analysis to be
used. If the measure is the quantity of males vs. females,
you do not need to test the relationship between them.
Rather, you should just take note of the frequency and the
average of males and females.
Categorical Variables or
Qualitative Variables
• Are those that may be classified into categories or may
be placed in rank orders.
Numerical Variables or
Quantitative Variables
• Have numerical values or measures.
 Statistical Data

Categorical Variable Numerical Variable

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

1. Nominal Scales
• Are just concerned with the names and categories of
responses. They do not intend to quantify the data.
• Ex: Qualitative and categorical variables examples
(Nationality and Hair Color)
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

2. Ordinal Scales
• Are used for data that intends to be ranked.
• This scale is expressed through sequential and
numerical order and therefore allows a comparison of
degree.
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

3. Interval Scales
• Use equal units and measurements and intervals to
know the distance between them more than the
sequence.
• Quantitative data are usually measured by interval
scales.
• Ex: temperature, attitude, IQ
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

4. Ratio Scales
• Are the highest level of measurement.
• Variables will be more accurately measured because a
ratio scales uses zero as its base point.
 COMPLETE THE TABLE
Directions: Identify whether the variables given are qualitative or quantitative; independent or
dependent; and discrete or continuous.
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

LITERATURE
REVIEW AND
TOPIC
SELECTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• A comprehensive classification and evaluation of what

other researchers have written about your topic.
• It presents contradicting or conflicting results, which
could then be a research gap that will be filled with
your study.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Identify areas that could be studied when you can

establish that there seems to be a lack of attention in a
given topic.
 HOW TO PICK A TOPIC

Research topic can come from a myriad of sources:

• An interest in particular field
• Discussions with peers and academics
• Existing literature
 HOW TO PICK A TOPIC

Basic Types of Sources First:

1. General (articles, monographs, books, and other
documents)
2. Primary (journals)
3. Secondary (textbooks)
 HOW TO PICK A TOPIC

1. Think about past discussion in class and list

which of these you found to be interesting. This is
a good starting point in narrowing down to what
interests you.
 HOW TO PICK A TOPIC

2. Do a library research about your topic by visiting

academic journals.
• You may also check books, thesis, government
documents, statistics, and newspapers.
 HOW TO PICK A TOPIC

3. Give all topics that are considered a preliminary

title and provide a brief description of the content,
and the plan of how the topic could be developed.
• The more well-defined your problem is, the
better and easier to select literature to be
reviewed.
 HOW TO PICK A TOPIC

4. Consider the implications of your choice in selecting and

finalizing a topic.
• What problems does it intend to explain?
• Is it significant enough to contribute new knowledge in the
field?
• Can data be gathered locally?
• If the topic involves the use of technology, will this be
readily available?
 SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE OF SOLANO,
INC.

WRITING A
RESEARCH TITLE
 A good research paper title:
• Condenses the paper’s content in a few
words
• Captures the readers’ attention
• Differentiates the paper from other papers
of the same subject area
 REMINDERS

1. Keep it simple, brief, and

attractive
• The primary function of a title is to provide a precise summary of
the paper’s content.
• Use active verbs instead of complex noun-based phrases, and
avoid unnecessary details.
• A good title for a research paper is typically around 10 to 12
words long. A lengthy title may seem unfocused and take the
readers’ attention away from an important point.
 REMINDERS

1. Keep it simple, brief, and

attractive
Avoid: Drug XYZ has an effect of muscular contraction
for an hour in snails of Achatina fulcia species
Better: Drug XYZ induces muscular contraction in
Achatina fulcia snails
 REMINDERS

2. Use appropriate descriptive words:

• A good research paper title should contain key words used in
the manuscript and should define the nature of the study.
• Think about terms people would use to search for your study
and include them in your title.
Avoid: Effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: study of a multicenter
mixed group
Better: Psychosocial effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: a
multicenter randomized controlled trial
 REMINDERS

3. Avoid abbreviations and jargons

• Known abbreviations such as AIDS, NATO, and so on can be used in
the title. However, other lesser-known or specific abbreviations and
jargon that would not be immediately familiar to the readers should be
left out.
Avoid: MMP expression profiles cannot distinguish between normal and early
osteoarthritic synovial fluid
Better: Matrix metalloproteinase protein expression profiles cannot distinguish
between normal and early osteoarthritic synovial fluid
 REMINDERS

1. Set a 10-12 word limit for titles.

2. Summarize the main idea or issue, if not the
argument paper.
3. Identify the primary variables and the relationship
among them, as well as the theoretical issues
underlying these.
4. Identify the population(s) used.
5. Do not use words such as “study of” or “an
experimental research in,” as these words or phrases
are redundant.
 REMINDERS

6. Only include words that provide important and

sufficient information about the research.