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Chapter 4
Traps and Fixture Connections
Traps • Interceptors
Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Objectives
• Differentiate between the types of traps.
• Explain the causes of trap seal loss.
• Identify the recommendations for trap seal protection.
• List trap installation requirements.
• Describe integrally trapped fixtures.
• Describe externally trapped fixtures.
• Describe indirect waste piping.
• Describe types of interceptors.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Examples of fixtures with
integral traps are water
closets and urinals.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
There are several different
types of external traps that
have been developed over
time. They are classified by
their general shapes and
include the S-trap, ¾ S-trap,
crown vented trap, bag trap,
bell trap, mechanically
sealed trap, internal partition
trap, running trap, drum trap,
and P-trap.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A P-trap is installed on most fixtures requiring an external
trap whose outlet connects to its fixture drain at the wall,
such as sinks, lavatories, and drinking fountains.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The type of external water
seal trap that is approved
by all plumbing codes is
the P-trap.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A drawing from the Hunter
Report shows the apparatus
used to study the self-siphonage
of the P-trap.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Self-siphonage can best be illustrated by
examining the discharge of a lavatory.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The length of the fixture tailpiece is set at a maximum of 24″
(610 mm) from the fixture outlet to the trap weir. This
measurement also includes any horizontal portion or offset of
the tailpiece.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Wastewater flow moving
downward in the pipe
creates a negative
pressure behind it that can
lead to the aspiration of the
trap seal.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Pressure pushing against
the outlet of the trap from
inside the drainage system
is called backpressure.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A P-trap with a 2″ (51 mm) trap seal is the common seal trap
used for most fixtures. Trap seals greater than 2″ (51 mm)
are referred to as deep seal traps.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The trap arm is the part of
the fixture drain between
the trap and its vent. This
measurement is the
developed length from the
weir of the trap to the inner
edge of the vent connection
to the fixture drain.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
There are a number of
other causes of trap seal
loss. Other causes of trap
seal are vent blockage,
leakage, capillary action,
wind effect, and
evaporation.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Traps that are subject to
high probability of
evaporation should be
protected by a trap primer.
A trap primer is a device or
system with a feeder line
that releases a small
amount of water to a trap
when it runs dry to
maintain the water seal in
the trap.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The floor drain trap sealer is usually placed within the floor
drain allowing the entrance of liquids and solids into the drain
but blocking the flow of air out of the drain, thus protecting
the trap from evaporation.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
S-traps, 3/4 S-traps, bell
traps, crown vented traps,
mechanically sealed traps,
and traps with internal
partitions are prohibited in
most codes. Drum traps
and bottle traps are only
allowed if the AHJ
approves their use.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A building trap is a device, fitting, or
assembly of fittings installed in the
building drain to prevent circulation
of air between the drainage system
of the building and the building
sewer. It is used primarily to keep
public sewer gases from entering
the building drainage system.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Only one trap is
permitted on a trap arm.
Sinks, laundry tubs, and
lavatories may connect to
a single trap.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Water closets are mounted
to drain piping using the
proper closet flanges,
gaskets, and corrosion-
resistant bolts.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The floor-mounted back outlet water
closet must be mounted rigidly to a
closet flange at the back outlet and to the
floor with corrosion-proof closet bolts.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Water closet carriers have
various parts to the fitting that
are common to most models.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Water closet carrier fittings
come in many different
styles. They can be
horizontal, vertical, single,
or double carriers.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A clinic sink is a sink
designed primarily to receive
wastes from bedpans and
has a flush rim, an integral
trap with a visible trap seal,
and the same flushing and
cleansing characteristics as
a water closet.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Most urinals are wall-mounted
and are supported from the
wall, although there are a few
floor-mounted models.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The trap arm will penetrate
through the wall at the proper
height below the fixture with
a random length of pipe
called a stub out.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The lavatory will either be fitted with
an open drain with a strainer or a
drain with a pop up stopper.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The lavatory trap is almost always
an adjustable tubular P-trap with
slip joints.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Sinks such as kitchen sinks
or double and triple
compartment sinks may be
connected together with a
continuous waste instead
of having multiple traps
and trap arms.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
In a three sink configuration, the trap must be located under
the center sink.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A two- or three-compartment
kitchen sink may have a
food waste disposal unit
mounted with a special
disposal fitting to one of the
compartments in the same
manner as a basket strainer.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The service sink can be wall-
mounted or floor-mounted.
The wall-mounted service sink
is normally a cast-iron sink
that has a unique trap fitting.
The trap fitting is a one-piece
adjustable trap that is
designed to not only connect
to the sink and the trap arm
but to support the sink.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A waste and overflow fitting is a drain
assembly for a bathtub that has an outlet
at the top to remove excess water during
filling and a drain at the bottom.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Pre-fabricated shower receptors are
manufactured with a recessed drain
flange. Various types of shower drains are
available, usually made out of brass or
plastic, to connect to the receptor and the
trap tailpiece.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The type of shower drain
used for built on-site
receptors is a two-part
cast-iron or plastic body
shower drain with
threaded strainer.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The floor drain has a two-part
cast-iron or plastic body with
threaded strainer much like the
flanged shower drain. A floor sink
is a cast-iron, stainless steel, or
plastic waste receptor that may be
either square or round and is
installed at the floor level, with or
without removable or permanent
top grates.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
There are two types of indirect waste
piping—indirect waste that discharges
to the receptor through an airbreak
and indirect waste that discharges to
the receptor through an airgap.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A condensate indirect waste line
may connect and discharge to the
tailpiece of a lavatory or the
overflow of a bathtub.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
There are several types of clothes
washer outlet boxes designed to fit
to the standpipe and also to
provide for cold and hot water
supply connections.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The minimum and maximum elevations of the trap and the
standpipe allow for flexibility in installation of the stand pipe.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Fixtures or equipment that
require an indirect waste
drainage airgap are kitchen
scullery sinks, sinks in areas
where food, dishes, or utensils
may be stored, walk-in coolers
storing food, sterilizers, or any
other similar use fixtures or
appliances.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Walk-in coolers that store
food products and are
provided with floor drains
should be indirectly
connected to the drainage
system through an airgap.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Some codes require that the dishwasher be discharged
through an airgap fitting on the discharge side of the
dishwashing machine.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Some codes allow the dishwasher to discharge indirectly to a
kitchen sink tailpiece wye fitting or a garbage disposal
without the airgap fitting. The discharge line must rise and be
secured to the underside of the kitchen sink counter before
connecting to the receptor.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Indirect waste piping
must be trapped if it is
of an extended length.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Interceptors, sometimes called clarifiers or separators, serve
a different purpose than fixture traps in that they protect
drainage and sewer systems from the introduction of
substances which might be harmful to those systems.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Interceptor traps that could be used at
fixtures are hair and lint traps and plaster
or drum traps.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Sand interceptors may be built of brick,
concrete, prefabricated coated steel, or
other watertight material.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Piping conveying industrial,
chemical, or process wastes from
their point of origin to pretreatment
facilities or neutralization
interceptors should be of approved
corrosion-resistant materials.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A common type of acid
waste neutralizing
interceptor or tank is a
chemically resistant basin
containing either limestone
or marble chips.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
An oil or flammable liquid interceptor, sometimes called a
separator, is installed to separate and collect these wastes
through the process of floatation. The interceptor should be a
multi-chambered device with a catch basin and at least one
separation chamber.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A hydromechanical grease
interceptor (HGI) is a plumbing
appurtenance or appliance that is
installed in a sanitary drainage
system to intercept nonpetroleum
fats, oil, and grease (FOG) from a
wastewater discharge and is
identified by flow rate, separation,
and retention efficiency.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A hydromechanical grease
interceptor (HGI) utilizes
the principles of fluid
dynamics by taking
advantage of air entrained
in the effluent through the
use of a vented flow
control device.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
The placement of the vented flow control is vitally important
to the functioning of the interceptor. If the flow control is
placed well below the fixture, the added head pressure
above the flow control will render the flow control useless as
it will increase the flow through the HGI.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
A gravity grease interceptor (GGI) is normally a large volume
tank constructed of steel, concrete, fiberglass, or plastic with
two sections.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
There are two types of GRD automatic
removal systems, timer-controlled and
sensor-controlled.
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Chapter 4 — Traps and Fixture Connections
Bioremediation is one of the most
effective FOG disposal systems.
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