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Chapter 5
Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Sanitary Drainage Piping
Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Objectives
• Describe horizontal sanitary drainage piping.
• Explain how the flow of wastewater in sanitary drainage
stacks affects stack capacity.
• Describe suds pressure zones and cleanout requirements
of sanitary drainage piping.
• Explain wastewater backflow and backflow management.
• Identify the protection requirements for sanitary drainage
piping.
• Explain how sanitary drainage systems are tested.
• Describe vacuum drainage systems.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
A horizontal pipe is any pipe or fitting that is installed in a
horizontal position or that makes an angle of less than 45°
with the horizontal plane. A vertical pipe is a pipe that is
installed in a vertical position and makes an angle of not
more than 45° with the vertical plane.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Grade is the slope or fall of a line of pipe in reference to a
horizontal plane; it is usually expressed as a fraction of an
inch or percentage slope per foot or length of pipe.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Wastewater flow velocities and discharge rates for pipe from
1-1/4″ to 12″ (32 mm to 305 mm) installed at various grades
have been calculated and placed in tables for easy
reference.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
An invert is the lowest point on
the interior of a horizontal pipe.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
A hydraulic jump is created
from the transition of the
faster flowing vertical waste
to a slower horizontal flow
and again may momentarily
fill the pipe. The hydraulic
jump may last for a distance
of up to 10 pipe diameters.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The wetted perimeter is the
level of wastewater sitting in
the bottom of the pipe and
also represents the predicted
uniform flow in the pipe.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Today’s version of the
drainage fixture unit table
is far more extensive than
the original and takes into
consideration the lower
flow of fixtures of the
modern plumbing industry.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Over the years, some
changes have been made to
the various plumbing codes’
maximum fixture unit loading
tables, however, much of the
fixture unit table still reflects
the research accomplished
in BMS 13 and BMS 66.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The main artery of a
building sanitary drainage
system is the sanitary
building drain and its
subsequent transition into
the sanitary building sewer.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
When possible, horizontal-to-horizontal connections should
be made on the same horizontal plane or at a 45° (0.79 rad)
angle with the pipe.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The building drain and
other horizontal sanitary
drainage piping is installed
during the underground or
groundwork stage of
construction.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
4-inch (102 mm) cast-iron
hubed long sweep bends
are used to turn up for the
last stack on a sanitary
building drain.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Vertical piping that is less
than a story in height is
simply vertical drain piping
and may be a fixture drain
or may be connected to
other branches.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Because of its angled downward
sweep, the combination wye and
1/8-bend connection to the stack
creates an increase in velocity of
branch flow just before the entrance
to the stack facilitating that flow
combining with the stack flow.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The flow from large pipe
size branches into the stack
will have a tendency to fill
more cross sectional area of
the stack than smaller pipe
size branches.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The spiral flow down a stack
creates a core of air in the center
of the stack.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The stack will eventually connect
vertically or horizontally to the
building drain or a primary branch
of the building drain.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The vertical wastewater flow
transitions to horizontal flow
radically slowing down,
creating a hydraulic jump.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Offsets in the stack can be
made either vertically with
1/8 bends or wye type
fittings, or horizontally with
long sweep 1/4 bends or
1/8 bends.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Depending on the location of a branch
connection, some branch intervals
extend more than one story of a building.
Branch intervals should be counted from
the top of the stack downward.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The Horizontal Fixture Branches and Stacks Table provides
the sizing parameters of horizontal branches, not including
the building drain and branches, and stacks.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Any vertical to horizontal
change of direction of a stack
receiving the discharge of
suds-producing fixtures has
the potential to create a suds
pressure zone.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Plumbing codes require
that branch connections
should not be made into
sanitary drainage piping
within 8′ (2.4 m) of any
vertical to horizontal
change of direction of a
stack containing suds-
producing fixtures.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Types of cleanouts include
manufactured cleanout fittings
with a removable plug, test
tees with removable plugs,
pipe ends with removable
caps, and a removable fixture
or fixture trap.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Adjustable cleanout fittings are
designed to be joined to a vertical
pipe and installed under the finished
floor with an adjustable cleanout
cover that can be set to the exact
floor level by a threaded housing.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Plumbing codes require cleanouts for horizontal sanitary
drainage piping only.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
An additional cleanout is
required by the 2018 UPC for
each aggregate horizontal
change of direction
exceeding 135° (2.36 rad).
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The 2018 IPC requires a cleanout for every change of
direction fitting exceeding 45° (0.79 rad).
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Cleanouts 2″ (51 mm) in size
or less are required to have
a clearance of 18″ (457 mm)
in front of the cleanout.
Cleanouts in piping larger
than 2″ (51 mm) should
have a clearance of not less
than 24″ (610 mm) in front of
the cleanout. Access should
be provided for cleanouts 5′
(1.5 m) or more from under
floor crawl access.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
There may be some
installations where some
fixtures within the building
have an elevation which is
below the upstream
manhole cover of the
connected sewer.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
There are two main types
of backwater valves
commonly used to
prevent the reverse flow
of wastewater, the
horizontal backwater
valve with flapper and the
combination backwater
valve with gate valve.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The portion of a drainage
system that cannot drain
by gravity to the building
sewer is called a subdrain.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
There are three types of pumps used to remove
wastewater from a sump: sewage ejectors, grinder pumps,
and sump pumps.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Sump pumps and sewage
ejectors can be dry pit mounted
but are both generally wet pit
mounted vertical pumps.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
In order to provide for short periods of
high flow, maintenance, or pump failure,
some plumbing codes require the
installation of two (duplex) pumps for
public use applications.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
A float switch assembly which consists of a float, float rod,
rod guide, adjusting stops, gas tight pedestal, and float
switch serves as a pilot device for the magnetic motor starter.
It is normally mounted on the basin cover.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
A simple catch basin is a small
formed box with the entry line
emptying into the basin and the
outlet ending in a quarter bend
which faces downward inside.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The installation of a
drainage system will
require protection of piping
passing through walls and
floors, in the ground and
under footings, and in
many other conditions
which could exert pressure
or strain on piping.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Pipe sleeve products are made
to be installed on wall supports,
floor decking, or on grade
before concrete is poured.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Piping should not be located
longitudinally within or pass through
concrete walls or in concrete slabs
where a slight shifting or settlement
can result in a major plumbing pipe
failure. A pipe chase must be
provided in a concrete wall when
piping is to be recessed.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Once the decision is
made as to which fire
stop product is to be
used, the manufacturer’s
technical documents,
which include installation
instructions, should be
saved and cataloged.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Drainage piping that is
approved for use only
outside of the building is
normally required to have a
minimum of 12″ (305 mm)
of earth cover and should
not be installed within 2′ to
5′ (610 mm to 1.5 m) of the
building depending on
which code is used.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
All piping in trenches deeper
than the footing of any building
or structure, and installed
parallel with the footing, shall be
installed at least 45° (0.79 rad)
from the footing.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Building sewer or drainage
piping constructed of clay
or materials that are not
approved for use within a
building should not be run
or laid in the same trench
as potable water piping.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Inflatable test plugs must be
properly positioned before
conducting an air or water test.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
A mechanical test plug
is inserted into the pipe
or opening so that the
plug’s O-ring makes
contact with the inside of
the pipe. The hex or
wing nut is tightened,
resulting in the O-ring
expanding and sealing
the opening or pipe.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
An air test assembly usually
consists of a pipe nipple, tee
with gauge, and a connection for
the entry of air into the system.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
The AcornVac Vacuum Plumbing System is typical of today’s
modern vacuum drainage systems.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Vacuum interface components
allow waste to be introduced
into the vacuum waste piping
network and transported to the
vacuum center.
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Chapter 5 — Sanitary Drainage Piping Installation
Urinals, flushing sinks, and any
other non-flushing fixture waste
drainage typically includes the
use of an intermediate waste
collection point, or accumulator.
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