Basics of

Artificial intelligence
• John McCarthy and Alan Turing are both
considered to be among the fathers of
artificial intelligence
 Artificial | intelligence
• “Man Made” + “ Thinking Power ”
• It is branch of CSE by which we can create
intelligence machine can be behave like Human,
think like humans and able to make decisions.
• You have to create a machine with programmed
only once which can work with own intelligence .
• AI You do not need to pre programme machine
to do some work
 Why AI
• With the help of AI, We can Create a S/W or
Device, which can solve real world problems very
easily with high accuracy such as Health Care ,
Marketing, Traffic Issues …etc
• With AI , You can create your personal assistant
like google assistant, siri, alexa & [Link]
• With AI, you can build Robots which can work of
human can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for new technologies, new
devices and new applications.
 Goals of AI
• Replicates humans intelligence
• Solve complex problems
• An intelligence connects perception and actions
• Creating some system which can exhibit
intelligence behaviour, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain and give advise to users.
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence such as:
• Playing Chess
• Providing therom
• Plan some surgical operations
• Driving a car in the traffic
What is Intelligence composed of

Intelligence
Linguistic
Intelligence

Learning
Problem solving

Perception
Reasoning
• Reasoning: Judgement, making decisions,
Predictions
• Learning: Gaining Knowledge
• Problem solving: Working with details of problem
to reach solutions
• Linguistic Intelligence: comprended speak and
write verbal and written language
• Perception: Acquiring, interpreted, organizing
sensor data.
 Agents
• Agents: The agent scence the environment through
sensors act on their environment through
actuators(device).
• Sensors: Detect changes in environment and sends
information to electronic device
• Actuators: It is component of machine, which
convert energy to motion.
 Unit – 1

Artificial intelligence
• What is AI: Artificial means Synthetic(i.e Man
made)
• Artificial objects are often superior to real or
natural objects.
Ex: Artificial flower, electric light bulbs,
automobiles, trains…etc
• What is Intelligence: is the cognitive ability of
an individual to learn from experience
• Ex: 1,3,6,10,15,21__
• 1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4, ____
• Artificial Intelligence Definition – Artificial
intelligence, commonly known as AI, is a branch of
computer science focused on creating systems
capable of performing tasks that normally require
human intelligence.
• AI systems must be able to mimic human
intelligence
• The artificial intelligence definition involves the
development of algorithms and models that
enable machines to learn from data, recognize
patterns, and make decisions.
• This field encompasses various subfields, including
machine learning, where systems improve their
performance through experience,
and
natural language processing, which allows
machines to understand and generate human
language.
• The main focus of artificial intelligence is towards
understanding human behavior and performance.
• This can be done by creating computers with
human-like intelligence and capabilities. This
includes natural language processing, facial
analysis and robotics.
• The main applications of AI are in military,
healthcare, and computing; however, it’s expected
that these applications will start soon and become
part of our everyday lives.
 Uses of Artificial Intelligence
Intelligence has many practical applications across various
industries and domains, including:
• 1. Healthcare: AI is used for medical diagnosis, drug
discovery, and predictive analysis of diseases.
• 2. Finance: AI helps in credit scoring, fraud detection, and
financial forecasting.
• 3. Retail: AI is used for product recommendations, price
optimization, and supply chain management.
• 4. Manufacturing: AI helps in quality control, predictive
maintenance, and production optimization.
• 5. Transportation: AI is used for autonomous vehicles,
traffic prediction, and route optimization.
• 6. Customer service: AI-powered chatbots are used
for customer support, answering frequently asked
questions, and handling simple requests.
• 7. Security: AI is used for facial recognition,
intrusion detection, and cybersecurity threat
analysis.
• 8. Marketing: AI is used for targeted advertising,
customer segmentation, and sentiment analysis.
• 9. Education: AI is used for personalized learning,
adaptive testing, and intelligent tutoring systems.
• This is not an exhaustive list, and AI has many more
potential applications in various domains and
industries.
 Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence
• 1. Bias and unfairness: AI systems can perpetuate and
amplify existing biases in data and decision-making.
• 2. Lack of transparency and accountability: Complex AI
systems can be difficult to understand and interpret, making
it challenging to determine how decisions are being made.
• 3. Job displacement: AI has the potential to automate many
jobs, leading to job loss and a need for reskilling.
• 4. Security and privacy risks: AI systems can be vulnerable
to hacking and other security threats, and may also pose
privacy risks by collecting and using personal data.
• 5. Ethical concerns: AI raises important ethical questions
about the use of technology for decision-making, including
issues related to autonomy, accountability, and human
The Water Jug Problem -1

Goal State
(2) (0)
 Fill, Transfer, Empty – Only one tasks
performs at a time
4L 3L
Step 1 0 0
Step 2 0 3
Step 3 3 0
Step 4 3 3
Step 5 4 2
Step 6 0 2
Step 7 2 0

Goal Reached
The Water Jug Problem-2
 Fill, Transfer, Empty – Only one tasks
performs at a time
18 L 8L
Step 1 0 0
Step 2 18 0
Step 3 10 8
Step 4 10 0
Step 5 2 8
Step 6 2 0
Step 7 0 2
Step 8 18 2
Step 9 12 8
Goal Reached
 Technologies Based on Artificial Intelligence
• 1. Machine Learning: A subfield of AI that uses algorithms to enable
systems to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without
being explicitly programmed.
• 2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): A branch of AI that focuses on
enabling computers to understand, interpret, and generate human
language.
• 3. Computer Vision: A field of AI that deals with the processing and
analysis of visual information using computer algorithms.
• 4. Robotics: AI-powered robots and automation systems that can
perform tasks in manufacturing, healthcare, retail, and other industries.
• 5. Neural Networks: A type of machine learning algorithm modeled
after the structure and function of the human brain.
• 6. Expert Systems: AI systems that mimic the decision-making ability of
a human expert in a specific field.
• 7. Chatbots: AI-powered virtual assistants that can interact with users
through text-based or voice-based interfaces.
 Turing Test
• It is proposed in 1950 by Alan Turing, a
mathematician & computer scientist.
• Alan Turing sought to answer the question
of intelligence in operational terms. He
wanted to separate functionality (what
something does) from implementation
(how something is built).
 Turing Test
• Alan Turing proposed a simple method of
determining whether a machine can
demonstrate human intelligence. If a machine
engages in a conversation with a human about
how to process the data it has been
demonstrated by a machine.
• Alan Turing proposed two imitation games.
• In an imitation game, one person or entity behaves as if
he were another.
• In the first, a person(called an interrogator) is in a room
with a curtain that runs across the center of the room.
On the other side of the curtain is a person, and the
interrogator must determine whether it is a man or a
woman.
• The interrogator (whose gender is irrelevant)
accomplishes this task by asking a series of questions.
The game assumes that the man will perhaps lie in his
responses, but the woman is always truthful. In order
that the interrogator cannot determine gender from
voice, communication is via computer rather than
through spoken words.
• This second game is more appropriate to the study
of AI. Once again, an interrogator is in a room with a
curtain. This time, a computer or a person is behind
the curtain. Here, the machine plays the role of the
male and could find it convenient on occasion to lie.
• The person, on the other hand, is consistently
truthful. The interrogator asks questions, and then
evaluates the responses to determine whether she
is communicating with a person or a machine. If the
computer is successful in deceiving the
interrogator, it passes the Turing test, and is
thereby considered intelligent.
 Advantages of the Turing Test in Artificial
Intelligence:
1. Evaluating machine intelligence: The Turing Test provides
a simple and well-known method for evaluating the
intelligence of a machine.
2. Setting a benchmark: The Turing Test sets a benchmark
for artificial intelligence research and provides a goal for
researchers to strive towards.
3. Inspiring research: The Turing Test has inspired
numerous studies and experiments aimed at developing
machines that can pass the test, which has driven
progress in the field of artificial intelligence.
4. Simple to administer: The Turing Test is relatively simple
to administer and can be carried out with just a computer
 Disadvantages of the Turing Test in Artificial
Intelligence:
1. Limited scope: The Turing Test is limited in scope,
focusing primarily on language-based conversations and
not taking into account other important aspects of
intelligence, such as perception, problem-solving, and
decision-making.
2. Human bias: The results of the Turing Test can be
influenced by the biases and preferences of the human
judge, making it difficult to obtain objective and reliable
results.
3. Not representative of real-world AI: The Turing Test
may not be representative of the kind of intelligence
that machines need to demonstrate in real-world
Controversies and Criticisms of the Turing Test
Block’s Criticism of the Turing Test
• Ned Block argues that English text is encoded in
ASCII, in other words, as a series of 0s and 1s inside
a computer. Hence, a particular Turing test, which is
a series of questions and answers, can be stored as
a very large number. For instance, assuming an
upper bound on the length of a Turing test the first
three characters in tests that begin “Are you afraid
of dying?” are stored as binary numbers,
Searle’s Criticism: The Chinese Room
• John Searle’s criticism of the Turing test is more
fundamental. Imagine an interrogator who asks
questions as expected—this time, however, in
Chinese. In a separate room is someone who does
not know Chinese, but does have a detailed
rulebook. Although the Chinese questions appear
as a series of squiggles, the person in the room
consults the rulebook, processes the Chinese
characters according to the rules, and responds
with answers written using Chinese characters
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
 1. Weak AI or Narrow AI
• Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a
dedicated task with intelligence. The most common
and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the
world of Artificial Intelligence.
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or
limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task.
Hence it is also termed as weak AI.
• Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes
beyond its limits.
• Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess,
purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
• Weak artificial intelligence: A type of artificial
intelligence with a design for a personal assistant,
customer relationships, video games, and
questionnaires known as weak artificial
intelligence.
• It consists of a small algorithm and data source. The
algorithm and data source related to the data
associated with the service industry
• some of the weak AI examples are –
a. Amazon Alexa
b. Railways Disha &
c. Apple’s Siri.
 2. General AI or Strong AI
• General AI is a type of intelligence which could
perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human.
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a
system which could be smarter and think like a
human by its own.
• The worldwide researchers are now focused on
developing machines with General AI.
• As systems with general AI are still under research,
and it will take lots of efforts and time to develop
such systems.
• Strong Artificial Intelligence: It is a system that
carries on the task directly performed like humans
Ex. self driving vehicle.
• This categorization of AI is able to replace the
manual human operative task with a programmed
machine. These machines today are most popularly
available with intelligent systems such as robots,
which are treated the same rights as humans.
• 3. Super AI:
• Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which
machines could surpass human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than human with cognitive
properties.
• It is an outcome of general AI.
• Some key characteristics of strong AI capability include
the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make
judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial
Intelligence. Development of such systems in real is
still world changing task.
Strong AI vs Weak AI
 Heuristics
• A heuristic is a technique that is used to solve a
problem faster than the classic methods.
• These techniques are used to find the approximate
solution of a problem when classical methods do not.
• Heuristics are said to be the problem-solving
techniques that result in practical and quick solutions.
• Heuristics are strategies that are derived from past
experience with similar problems.
• Heuristics use practical methods and shortcuts used
to produce the solutions that may or may not be
optimal, but those solutions are sufficient in a given
limited timeframe.
• AI applications often rely on the application of
heuristics.
• Contrast a heuristic with an algorithm, which is a
prescribed set of rules to solve a problem and whose
output is entirely predictable.
• The reader is undoubtedly familiar with many
algorithms used in computer programs, such as those
for sorting, including bubblesort and quicksort, and for
searching, including sequential search and binary
search.
• With a heuristic, a favorable outcome is likely, but is not
guaranteed.
• Heuristic methods were especially popular in the early
days of AI, a period including the 1950s and into the
 Identifying Problems Suitable For AI

There are three characteristics that are common to most AI problems:

• 1. Large in Size: AI problems tend to be large.
• 2. Complexity: They are computationally complex and cannot be
solved by straightforward algorithms.
• 3. Human Expertise: AI problems and their domains tend to embody
a large amount of human expertise, especially if tackled by strong AI
methods.
• Some types of problems are better solved using AI, whereas others
are more suitable for traditional computer science approaches
involving simple decision-making or exact computations to produce
solutions.
Let us consider a few examples:
• Medical diagnosis
• Shopping using a cash register with barcode scanning
• ATMs
 Applications and Methods in AI
AI in Real-Time Application Areas:
• 1. Search Algorithms and Puzzles: Solving problems by searching for the
best solution.
• 2. Two- Person Games: Playing strategy games like chess using advanced
decision-making.
• 3. Automated Reasoning Systems: Drawing logical conclusions from
knowledge.
• 4. Production Rules & Expert Systems: Specialized systems that mimic
human experts in fields like medicine.
• 5. Cellular Automata: Exploring how simple rules lead to complex
patterns.
• 6. Neural and Evolutionary Computation: Mimicking how animals and
humans learn and evolve.
• 7. Knowledge Representation: Structuring knowledge so AI can use it
effectively.
• 8. Reasoning with Uncertainty: Making decisions even when
 [Link] Algorithms and Puzzles:

What is the 15-puzzle?

• The 15-puzzle has 15 numbered tiles (1 to 15) placed
in a 4x4 grid, leaving one square blank. You slide tiles
into the blank space to rearrange them.
• The blank square can move in one of four directions:
up (↑), down (↓), left (←), or right (→), depending
on the surrounding tiles.
• The goal is to start with a random arrangement (start
state) and rearrange the tiles to match a specific
target (goal state), often with tiles in numeric order.
 Blind Search Methods:
• Blind search explores the puzzle without knowing which
path leads to the solution. Common methods are:
• Depth-First Search (DFS): Goes as deep as possible
down one path before backtracking.
• Breadth-First Search (BFS): Explores all possible moves
at one level before moving to the next.
 2. Two Player games
• Two-player games like Nim, tic-tac-toe, and chess
are different from puzzles because you’re not just
trying to reach a goal; you also have to stop your
opponent from reaching theirs goal.
• These games are called adversarial games, where
both players compete against each other.
• This type of game has been important in Artificial
Intelligence (AI) research for many years because it
involves strategy, decision-making, and predicting
your opponent’s moves.
 [Link] Reasoning

• With an automated reasoning system, the

software is presented with a collection of
facts. Deduction is a type of reasoning in
which given information is used to derive new
and hopefully useful facts.
 Problem : Two people are named Michael and Louis.
Between them they hold two jobs. Each has one job.
These jobs are post office clerk and French professor.
Michael speaks only English, whereas Louis holds a PhD
in French. Who holds which job?
Statements such as the following are helpful in
representing this problem:
Works_As (Clerk, Michael) | Works_ As (Clerk, Louis)
• Such a logical statement is referred to as a clause.
The initial slash is interpreted as “or.”
• This clause means either Michael works as a clerk or
Louis works as a clerk.
 4. Production Rules & Expert Systems
Production rules are used in AI as a method of
knowledge representation.

 A production rule has the general forms:

IF (Condition), THEN Action
or
IF (Condition), THEN Fact
• Common examples are included below:
Ex.1: IF (headache), THEN take two aspirins and call
me in the morning.
Ex.2 : IF (( A > B) and (B > C)), THEN A > C
• A portion of an expert system for automobile
diagnosis might contain the following rules:
IF (car won’t start), THEN check headlights.
IF (headlights work), THEN check gas gauge.
IF (gas tank empty), THEN add gasoline to fuel tank.
IF (headlights don’t work), THEN check battery.
• Supplied with an extensive set of production rules,
someone with little mechanical acumen could
properly diagnose their vehicle.
 5. Cellular Automata
• A cellular automaton (CA) can be viewed as a
collection of cells in n-dimensional space.
• CA is like a grid made up of cells, which can exist in
one of a few possible states.
• For example, a cell could be:
State 1: Alive (shaded/black)
State 0: Dead (unshaded/white)
• Cellular automata are
remarkable in that complex
patterns can be created by the
application.
 6. Neural Computation

• To create Artificial Intelligence (AI),

researchers often take inspiration from the
human brain, which is the best example of
intelligence. One approach is using Neural
Networks, which try to mimic how the brain’s
nervous system works in parallel and
distributed ways.
• The basic building block for such systems is the
artificial neuron, which can be modeled as a
threshold logic unit (TLU)
• An artificial neuron takes inputs (e.g., X1 and X2) and
multiplies them by weights (e.g., W1 and W2).
• The neuron adds up these weighted inputs and checks if the
total reaches a certain threshold.
Weighted sum(x.w)=x1w1+x2w2
• If the total is greater than or equal to the threshold, the
output is 1 (ON); otherwise, it’s 0 (OFF).
• TLU can perform a Boolean AND operation.
• It only outputs 1 when both inputs are 1. Otherwise, the
output is 0.
• Simple neurons are combined to form larger neural networks
with hundreds or thousands of such units.
• These networks can do complex tasks, like:
[Link] handwriting.
2. Predicting stock prices based on past data.
 7. Knowledge Representation
• AI systems acquire and store knowledge in
order to process it and produce intelligent
results, they need to be able to identify and
represent that knowledge.
• For example, consider the familiar
Missionaries and Cannibals Problem.
• The problem is to get three missionaries and three
cannibals from the west bank to the east bank of a
river with a boat.
• At any point during the transitions from west to east,
you can quickly see and comprehend the solution
path by selecting an appropriate representation.
• One representation would be to list the start state by
W:3M3CB (three missionaries and three cannibals
with the boat on the West Bank). The goal state is
E:3M3CB.
• A transition of one missionary and one cannibal with
the boat could be represented by ➔ E: 1M1CB.
• Leaving W:2M2C ~~~~~~~~ E:1M1CB.
 8. Uncertainty Reasoning
• Fuzzy logic is useful in AI because it handles
uncertainty and approximate reasoning—
similar to how humans make decisions in real
life.
• It helps machines work more flexibly and
adaptively in unpredictable situations.
 Applications and methods of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI finds extensive applications across various sectors,
including E-commerce, Education, Robotics, Healthcare, and
Social Media.
1. Artificial Intelligence in E-Commerce: Artificial Intelligence
is widely used in the field of E-commerce as it helps the
organization to establish a good engagement between the
user and the company.
• Artificial Intelligence app helps to make appropriate
suggestions and recommendations as per the user search
history and view preferences. There are also AI chatbots
that are used to provide customer support instantly and
help to reduce complaints and queries to a great extent.
• AI in Education Purpose: It helps the faculty as
well as students by making course
recommendations, Analyzing some data and
some decisions about the student, etc.
• Making automated messages to the students,
and parents regarding any vacation, and test
results are done by Artificial Intelligence these
days.
• Artificial Intelligence in Robotics:
AI provides robots to make decisions in real time
and increase productivity. For example, suppose
there is a warehouse in which robots are used to
manage good packages. The robots are only
designed to deliver the task but Artificial
Intelligence makes app them able to analyze the
vacant space and make the best decision in real-
time. Let’s take a closer look at AI applications in
Robotics.
• NLP
• Object Recognition & Manipulation
• HRI
• GPS and Navigations: GPS technology uses Artificial
Intelligence to make the best route and provide the
best available route to the users for traveling.
• AI is able to provide accurate, timely, and real-time
information about any specific location. It helps the
user to choose their type of lane and roads which
increases the safety features of a user. Let’s take a
closer look at AI applications in GPS & Navigation.
• Voice Assistance
• Personalization (Intelligent Routing)
• Traffic Prediction
• Positioning & Planning
• Healthcare: Artificial Intelligence is widely used in the field of
healthcare and medicine. The various algorithms of Artificial
Intelligence app are used to build precise machines that are
able to detect minor diseases inside the human body. Also,
Artificial Intelligence uses the medical history and current
situation of a particular human being to predict future
diseases. Artificial Intelligence is also used to find the current
vacant beds in the hospitals of a city that saves the time of
patients who are in emergency conditions. Let’s take a closer
look at AI applications in Healthcare.
•  Insights & Analysis
•  Telehealth
•  Patient Monitoring
•  Surgical Assistance
• Automobiles: Artificial Intelligence is bringing revolutionary
changes in the field of automobiles. From speedometers to self-
driving cars, Artificial Intelligence app is really doing a significant
difference in these sectors. AI is used to detect the traffic on the
street and provide the best route out of the present all routes to
the driver. It uses sensors, GPS technology, and control signals to
bring the vehicle the best path. Let’s take a closer look at AI
applications in Automobiles.
•  ADAS
•  Traffic Management
•  Emission Reduction
•  Autonomous Driving
• Agriculture: Artificial Intelligence is also becoming a part
of agriculture and farmers’ life. It is used to detect various
parameters such as the amount of water and moisture,
amount of deficient nutrients, etc in the soil. There is also
a machine that uses AI to detect where the weeds are
growing, where the soil is infertile, etc. Let’s take a closer
look at AI applications in Agriculture.
•  Stock Monitoring
•  Supply Chain
•  Pest Management
•  Forecasting
 Methods in AI:
• Supervised Learning: Learning from labeled data with input-
output pairs, used in classification and regression tasks.
• Unsupervised Learning: Discovering patterns and structures
in unlabeled data, including clustering, dimensionality
reduction, and anomaly detection.
• Reinforcement Learning: Learning through trial and error by
interacting with an environment and receiving feedback in
the form of rewards.
• Deep Learning: Neural network architectures with multiple
layers (deep neural networks) that can learn complex
patterns from large amounts of data.
• Evolutionary Algorithms: Optimization algorithms inspired
by biological evolution, such as genetic algorithms,
evolutionary strategies, and genetic programming.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques:
Tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, named entity
recognition, syntactic parsing, semantic analysis, and text
generation.
• Computer Vision Techniques: Image preprocessing,
feature extraction, object detection, image segmentation,
and image classification using convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) and other techniques.
• Probabilistic Graphical Models: Representing and
reasoning with uncertain knowledge using graphical
models like Bayesian networks and Markov random
fields.
• Symbolic Reasoning: Manipulating symbols and logical
expressions to perform tasks such as automated theorem
proving, expert systems, and knowledge representation.
 Early History
1. Birth of AI (1956) – Dartmouth Conference
• The term "Artificial Intelligence" was first introduced by John
McCarthy.
• At the Dartmouth Conference, AI was officially declared a field of
study.
• Early programs like the Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver
showed machines could solve simple logic problems.
2. High Expectations and Initial Success (1950s–60s)
• Researchers believed AI would soon match human intelligence.
• Early AI worked well on toy problems (games, puzzles, logic), but
failed in real-world tasks.
3. AI Winter (1970s) and Slow Progress
• When AI failed to meet big promises, funding and interest
declined sharply—this period is called the AI Winter.
• Progress slowed due to limited computing power, poor data
 Recent History of AI to present
1. Rise of Machine Learning (1990s–2000s)
• Algorithms like neural networks and support vector machines
became popular.
• Growth of the internet provided big data, improving AI accuracy.
2. Deep Learning Revolution (2010s)
• Introduction of deep neural networks (especially CNNs and
RNNs) boosted AI performance in:
– Image recognition (e.g., Face recognition)
– Natural Language Processing (e.g., Google Translate)
3. AI in Everyday Life & Ethics (2020s–present)
• AI now powers voice assistants, chatbots, recommendation
systems, and autonomous vehicles.
• Focus on ethics, bias, transparency, and AI regulation is
growing.
• Generative AI (e.g., ChatGPT) shows AI’s creative potential.
 AI IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM

1. AI Becomes Practical and Widespread

• AI moved from research labs to real-world applications like:
– Voice assistants (e.g., Alexa, Siri)
– Recommendation systems (YouTube, Netflix)
– Self-driving cars, smart homes, and healthcare diagnostics
2. Power of Big Data and Deep Learning
• With the rise of big data and powerful GPUs, deep learning
became the driving force behind modern AI.
• Models like CNNs, RNNs, and transformers (e.g., ChatGPT)
enabled machines to process images, speech, and language
with high accuracy.
3. Focus on Ethics, Bias, and Explainability
• Topics like AI fairness, bias in algorithms, transparency, and
responsible AI are now essential in AI development and