Microprocessor and CA
Lecture 2
Introduction to Microprocessor
Presented by: Robinhood Khadka
Definition
How do you define microprocessor??
• It is a programmable logic device
• It is a data processing unit as computing unit of a computer
• It is a programmable integrated device with decision making
capability similar to that of a CPU
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General Definition
• “ A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock
driven, register based electronic device that reads binary
input as instructions from storage device called memory,
processes the data according to the instructions and
provides the results as output”
• Three basic characteristics that differentiate the
microprocessors
1. Instruction set : no. of instruction
2. Bandwidth: no. of bits processed in a single instruction
3. Clock speed: how many instruction per second?
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A typical programmable machine
It consists of:
1. Microprocessor
2. Memory
3. Input device
4. Output device
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Microprocessor Based System
1. CPU: consists of ALU, CU and the Register arrays collectively known
as Central Processing unit
a. ALU is in charge of all mathematical and logical operation
b. CU overall handles the control flow and timings of all the
processes
c. Register array holds the data temporarily
2. Data is fed through input device and collected via output devices
3. RAM and ROM helps to store the data as memory
4. The system bus carries the information (data and address) to and
from the memory devices to the CPU.
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MICRO CONTROLLER
• Single-chip Microcomputers are also known as Microcontrollers.
• They are used primarily to perform dedicated functions.
• They are used primarily to perform dedicated functions or as slaves in distributed
processing.
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The Difference :
Microprocessor Microcontroller
• Microcontroller is a silicon chip which includes
• Microprocessor is a silicon chip which microprocessor, memory and I/O in a single
includes ALU, register circuit and control package.
circuits.
• Normally microcontrollers are used for specific
• Normally used for general purpose purposes (embedded system) e.g. traffic light
computers as CPU. controller, printer, etc.
• The performance speed, i.e. clock speed of • The performance speed of microcontroller is
microprocessor is higher ranging frequency relatively slower than that of microprocessors,
from MHz to GHz. with clock speed from 3-33 MHz.
• Addition of external RAM, ROM and I/O • Has fixed memory and all peripherals are
ports makes these systems bulkier and much embedded together on a single chip, so are not
more expensive. bulkier and are cheaper than microprocessors.
• Microprocessors are more versatile than • As microcontrollers have already fixed amount
microcontrollers as the designers can decide of RAM, ROM and I/O ports, so are not
on the amount of RAM, ROM and I/O ports versatile as the user cannot change the amount
needed to fit the task at hand. [Link]. Intel of memory and I/O ports. [Link]. AT89C51,
8085, 8086, Motorola 68000, Intel Core i7, ATmega32, AT89S52, etc.
etc.
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APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR
• Microcomputers
• Industrial Control
• Robotics
• Traffic Lights
• Washing Machines
• Microwave Oven
• Security Systems
• On Board Systems
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Stored Program Concept
• On the basis of storing programs and data, we categorize the machines as:
1. Von Neumann Architecture
2. Harvard Architecture
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Stored Program Concept (Von Neumann)
1. The stored program concept was first adopted by John von Neumann
2. Main memory is used to store both data and instruction
3. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operation
4. Various registers on this model are:
MBR(Memory Buffer Register)
MAR(Memory Address Register)
IR(Instruction Register)
IBR(Instruction Buffer Register)
PC(Program Counter)
5. The same memory is used for storing instructions and data and a single bus is
used for reading or writing data and instructions to and from the memory
6. It limited the processing speed of computer
7. Hence Harvard architecture was introduced
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Harvard Architecture
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Stored Program Concept (Harvard Architecture)
Unlike Von Neumann, it uses separate memory for storage of program and data
Each memory has separate address and data bus
As a result both program and data can be fetched simultaneously from memory
Program memory data bus is multiplexed with data memory
Program memory address bus and data memory address bus are multiplexed
Two RAM chips : Program memory and Data memory space
Faster and sophisticated but costlier
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Block Diagram
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Memory and Input/Output
Memory I/O
• It consists of RAM and ROM • The I/O section allows the
computer to take in the data from
• The first purpose of memory is to the input devices for processing
store the binary codes for the and deliver the result using
sequences of instructions you output devices
want the computer to carry out
• Peripherals such as keyboard,
• The second purpose of the printers, sound systems are
memory is to store the data with connected to the I/O ports
which the computer is going to
work with.
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Bus System
• 1. Address Bus
– The address bus consists of 16-bit, 20-bit, 24-bit or 32-bit lines to carry the address to
the processor which are unidirectional
– On these lines the CPU sends out the address of the memory location that is to be
written to or Read from.
– If the CPU has N number of address lines, then it is able to provide 2 N memory locations.
i.e. a 16-bit address line can provide 64 kilobytes of memory.
• 2. Data Bus
– The data bus consists of 8 bit, 16-bit , 32-bit data lines to carry the bits.
– The data bus are bi-directional .
– This means that the CPU can read data in memory or it can send the data out to
memory.
• 3. Control Bus
– The control bus consists of 4 to 10 parallel signal lines.
– The CPU sends out signals on the bus to provide various types of timing and
synchronizing signals during the operation of the processor.
– Common signals are Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, I/O Write.
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CPU/Processor Registers
• Registers are a type of computer memory
built directly into the processor or
CPU (Central Processing Unit) that is used to
store and manipulate data during the
execution of instructions.
• A register may hold an instruction, a storage
address, or any kind of data (such as a bit
sequence or individual characters).
• A register is composed of multiple flip-flops,
which are electronic circuits capable of
storing a single bit of information
• By combining multiple flip-flops, registers can
store larger binary values, such as bytes or
words.
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Sizes of CPU Registers
• 8-bit registers: These registers can store 8 bits of data (1 byte). They
are often used for basic arithmetic operations and data manipulation.
• 16-bit registers: These registers can store 16 bits of data (2 bytes).
They are commonly found in older processors or in specific
architectures that require 16-bit operations.
• 32-bit registers: These registers can store 32 bits of data (4 bytes).
They are widely used in many processors and are capable of handling
larger data sizes and more complex calculations.
• 64-bit registers: These registers can store 64 bits of data (8 bytes).
They are prevalent in modern processors and offer increased
computational power and memory addressing capabilities.
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ALU in Computer Architecture
• Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) are essential components in
computer systems.
• Efficient ALU designs are crucial for faster computations and improved
overall performance.
• Various factors influence ALU design, such as processor type, power
consumption constraints, and performance requirements.
• It takes in two input values, known as operands, and processes them
using predetermined instructions or operation code(Opcode). The
result is then stored in a designated memory location or a register.
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Difference Between ALU and CU
ALU CU
• Perform arithmetic operations: • Decode instructions fetched from memory
addition, subtraction, and determine the type of operation to
perform.
multiplication, and division.
• Generate control signals to coordinate the
• Execute logical operations: CPU components, such as ALU, registers,
AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and and memory, during instruction execution.
bitwise shifts. • Handle interrupt requests and manage
exception handling, branching, and jumps.
• Conduct comparison
• Regulate the clock signals to synchronize
operations: equality, less than,
the processor's operations and maintain
and greater than checks. data integrity.
• Store intermediate and final
results in designated registers
or memory locations.
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8085 Microprocessor
• It is a 8-bit microprocessor
• Capable of addressing 64K memory (16-bit address lines, Uni-directional)
• 8- bit data bus (Bi-directional)
• Has 40 pin DIP(Dual Inline Package)
• Requires +5v power supply
• Minimum clock of 500Khz to maximum of 3Mhz
• Has 246 instruction sets
• Data and address are in Hexadecimal notation as
– Data (From 00H to FFH)
– Address (From 0000H to FFFFH)
– i.e. If we convert to binary we get 4 bits for each hex as ” 0000 0000” which is
8 bit
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The End
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