Lecture 1
Introduction to Microprocessor
Presented by: Robinhood Khadka
Microprocessor 1
History
Intel 4004
Introduced in 1971
First microprocessor by Intel
It was a 4-bit microprocessor
Its clock speed was 740 KHz
It had 2,300 transistors
It could execute around 60,000
instructions per seconds
Used in calculators
Microprocessor 2
Intel 8008
Introduced in 1972 it was first 8
bit microprocessor
Its clock speed was 500 KHz
Could execute 50,000 instruction
per second
Used in: Computer terminals,
Calculator, Bottling Machines,
industrial Robots
Microprocessor 3
Intel 8080
Introduced in 1974
It was also 8-bit microprocessor
Its clock speed was 2 MHz
It has 6,000 transistors
10 times faster than 8008
Could execute 500,000
instructions per second
Used In: Calculators, Industrial
Robots
Microprocessor 4
Intel 8085
Introduced in 1976
It was also 8-bit microprocessor
Its clock speed was 3 MHz ,+5v supply
Its data bus is 8 bit and address bus is 16 bit
It has 6,500 transistors
It could execute 769,230 instructions per
second
It could access 64KB of memory
It has 246 instructions
Used In: early PC, On-Board Instrument
Data Processors
Microprocessor 5
Intel 8086
Introduced in 1978
First 16-bit microprocessor
Clock speed is 5 to 10 MHz
Data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit
It had 29,000 transistors
It could execute 2.5 million instructions per
second
Could access 1MB of memory
It had 22,000 instructions
Used In: CPU of Microcomputers
Microprocessor 6
Intel 8088 Intel 80286
• • Introduced in 1982
Introduced in 1979
• It was 16-bit microprocessor
• It was also 16-bit microprocessor
• Its clock speed was 8 MHz
• It was creates as cheaper version of
Intel’s 8086 • Data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit
• 16-bit processor with an 8-bit data bus • Could address 16 MB of memory
• Could execute 2.5 million instructions • It has 134,000 transistors
per second
• Could execute 4-million instructions per
• The chip become the most popular in second
the computer industry when IBM used • Multiuser and Multitasking
it for its first PC
Microprocessor 7
Intel 80286,386,486
Microprocessor 8
Intel 80386 Intel 80486
• Introduced in 1986 • Introduced in 1989
• First 32-bit microprocessor • 32-bit microprocessor
• Data bus is 32 bit and address bus
is 32-bit
• Had 1.2 million transistors
• It could address 4GB of memory
• Clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
• It has 275,000 transistors upon the various versions
• Clock speed varied from 16 MHz • 8KB of cache memory was
to 33 MHz depending upon introduced
different versions
Microprocessor 9
Intel Pentium Series(32 -bit)
Pentium I
Introduced in 1993
It was also 32-bit microprocessor
Clock speed was 66 MHz
Data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit
Could address 4GB of memory
Pentium III
Introduced in 1999
It was 32-bit microprocessor
Clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz
It had 9.5 million transistors
Pentium IV
Introduced in 2000
32-bit microprocessor
Clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz
Support SMT (Simultaneously Multithreading
Technology)
Microprocessor 10
Intel Core(64-bit)
Intel Core 2
Introduced in 2006
64-bit microprocessor
Clock speed is from 1.2 GHz to
3GHz
Intel Core i5
Introduced in 2009
It is a 64-bit microprocessor
It has 4 physical cores
Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz
to 3.60 GHz
Microprocessor 11
Cache Memory, RAM and Processor
Microprocessor 12
Random Access Memory
Main Memory(RAM) is
quite slow
Average RAM Module is
200 MHz Average CPU’s are
clocked at 1.2-1.5GHz
Hence in order to
communicate with RAM the
CPU takes a lot of time.
Almost 10 times slower
than CPU
Therefore the performance
is affected.
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Working of Cache, RAM and CPU
Microprocessor 14
Memory Pyramid
Microprocessor 15
Codes and Numbers
Microprocessor 16
Processor Comparison
32-bit 64-bit
• 2^32 = 4GB RAM 2^64 = 16 Exabyte RAM
• Requires more time to (that’s 4 billion times more
process and response memory than 32 bit)
relatively. Requires less time to
process and response
• Cheaper Expensive
Also used as personal
• Used as personal computer computer along with
and run office tasks audio/video editing and
server application
Microprocessor 17
Any Queries?
Thank you
Microprocessor 18