Chapter 17
Current and Resistance
Electric Current
Whenever electric charges of like signs
move, an electric current is said to exist
The current is the rate at which the
charge flows through this surface
Look at the charges flowing perpendicularly
to a surface of area A
The SI unit of current is Ampere (A)
1 A = 1 C/s
Electric Current, cont
The direction of the current is the
direction positive charge would flow
This is known as conventional current
direction
In a common conductor, such as copper, the
current is due to the motion of the negatively
charged electrons
It is common to refer to a moving
charge as a mobile charge carrier
A charge carrier can be positive or negative
Current and Drift Speed
Charged particles
move through a
conductor of cross-
sectional area A
n is the number of
charge carriers per
unit volume
n A ∆x is the total
number of charge
carriers
Current and Drift Speed,
cont
The total charge is the number of
carriers times the charge per carrier, q
∆Q = (n A ∆x) q
The drift speed, vd, is the speed at
which the carriers move
vd = ∆x/ ∆t
Rewritten: ∆Q = (n A vd ∆t) q
Finally, current, I = ∆Q/ ∆t = nqvdA
Current and Drift Speed,
final
If the conductor is isolated, the
electrons undergo random motion
When an electric field is set up in
the conductor, it creates an
electric force on the electrons and
hence a current
Charge Carrier Motion in a
Conductor
The zig-zag black line
represents the
motion of charge
carrier in a conductor
The net drift speed is
small
The sharp changes in
direction are due to
collisions
The net motion of
electrons is opposite
the direction of the
electric field
Electrons in a Circuit
The drift speed is much smaller than the
average speed between collisions
When a circuit is completed, the electric
field travels with a speed close to the
speed of light
Although the drift speed is on the order
of 10-4 m/s the effect of the electric field
is felt on the order of 108 m/s
Meters in a Circuit –
Ammeter
An ammeter is used to measure current
In line with the bulb, all the charge passing
through the bulb also must pass through the
meter
Meters in a Circuit –
Voltmeter
A voltmeter is used to measure voltage
(potential difference)
Connects to the two ends of the bulb
Resistance
In a conductor, the voltage applied
across the ends of the conductor is
proportional to the current through
the conductor
The constant of proportionality is
the resistance of the conductor
Resistance, cont
Units of resistance are ohms ()
1=1V/A
Resistance in a circuit arises due to
collisions between the electrons
carrying the current with the fixed
atoms inside the conductor
Georg Simon Ohm
1787 – 1854
Formulated the
concept of
resistance
Discovered the
proportionality
between current
and voltages
Ohm’s Law
Experiments show that for many materials,
including most metals, the resistance
remains constant over a wide range of
applied voltages or currents
This statement has become known as
Ohm’s Law
∆V = I R
Ohm’s Law is an empirical relationship that
is valid only for certain materials
Materials that obey Ohm’s Law are said to be
ohmic
Ohm’s Law, cont
An ohmic device
The resistance is
constant over a wide
range of voltages
The relationship
between current and
voltage is linear
The slope is related
to the resistance
Ohm’s Law, final
Non-ohmic materials
are those whose
resistance changes
with voltage or
current
The current-voltage
relationship is
nonlinear
A diode is a common
example of a non-
ohmic device
Resistivity
The resistance of an ohmic conductor is
proportional to its length, L, and
inversely proportional to its cross-
sectional area, A
is the constant of proportionality and is
called the resistivity of the material
See table 17.1
Temperature Variation of
Resistivity
For most metals, resistivity
increases with increasing
temperature
With a higher temperature, the
metal’s constituent atoms vibrate
with increasing amplitude
The electrons find it more difficult to
pass through the atoms
Temperature Variation of
Resistivity, cont
For most metals, resistivity increases
approximately linearly with temperature
over a limited temperature range
ρ =ρo [1 + α(T −To )]
is the resistivity at some temperature T
o is the resistivity at some reference
temperature To
To is usually taken to be 20° C
is the temperature coefficient of resistivity
Temperature Variation of
Resistance
Since the resistance of a conductor
with uniform cross sectional area is
proportional to the resistivity, you
can find the effect of temperature
on resistance
R =R o [1 + α(T −To )]
Electrical Energy and
Power
In a circuit, as a charge moves through
the battery, the electrical potential
energy of the system is increased by
QV
The chemical potential energy of the
battery decreases by the same amount
As the charge moves through a resistor,
it loses this potential energy during
collisions with atoms in the resistor
The temperature of the resistor will increase
Energy Transfer in the
Circuit
Consider the
circuit shown
Imagine a
quantity of
positive charge,
Q, moving
around the circuit
from point A back
to point A
Energy Transfer in the
Circuit, cont
Point A is the reference point
It is grounded and its potential is
taken to be zero
As the charge moves through the
battery from A to B, the potential
energy of the system increases by
QV
The chemical energy of the battery
decreases by the same amount
Energy Transfer in the
Circuit, final
As the charge moves through the
resistor, from C to D, it loses energy in
collisions with the atoms of the resistor
The energy is transferred to internal
energy
When the charge returns to A, the net
result is that some chemical energy of
the battery has been delivered to the
resistor and caused its temperature to
rise
Electrical Energy and
Power, cont
The rate at which the energy is lost
is the power
From Ohm’s Law, alternate forms
of power are
Electrical Energy and
Power, final
The SI unit of power is Watt (W)
I must be in Amperes, R in ohms and
V in Volts
The unit of energy used by electric
companies is the kilowatt-hour
This is defined in terms of the unit of
power and the amount of time it is
supplied
1 kWh = 3.60 x 106 J