Module-4

Psychosocial Interventions
 Objectives of the modules

Psychotherapy and Group therapy and Community-based Crisis intervention and

counselling approaches support groups interventions trauma-informed care
 Meaning of
psychotherapy Psychotherapy
is a treatment process to help
people deal with psychological
issues, such as depression,
anxiety, and posttraumatic
stress disorder. Unfortunately,
4.1Psychothera many people are unaware of
how it works or how
py and problematic untreated mental
health issues can be.
counselling Definition:

approaches A process which attempts to

help the patient relieve
symptoms, resolve problems
or seek personal growth
through a structured relation
(i.e. specified goals and
methods) with a trained
professional therapist.
 Objective of
Psychotherapy :
1. Psychotherapy aims towards, changing mal adaptive behaviour
pattern.
2. Minimising or eliminating environmental condition that may be
causing or maintaining such behaviour.
3. Improving interpersonal and other competences.
4. Promoting positive personality growth and development
5. Find out causes for emotional problems
6. Resolving handicapping and disabling inner conflicts and
alleviating personal distress.
7. Modifying inaccurate assumption about oneself and one’s
world and fostering a clear cut sense of oneself identity and
opening of pathways to a more meaningful and fulfilling
existence.
The chief objective of psychotherapy is to rid the patients of
symptoms which make his life a burden to him, and it is the duty
of the psychiatrists to help the patients regain his self- confidence
and to strengthen his personality so that he can solve his own
problems and adjust with the environment
 Some of the ultimate
goals the
[Link] are
symptoms.
[Link] the person to be self-actualizing.
[Link] earlier level of functioning.
[Link] the patient find personal meaning and
values.
Mediate goals- They are not less important than
ultimate goal. The mediate goals define the needs
which are necessary to move the patient towards
ultimate goal.
[Link] pend-up feelings.
[Link] or reconditioning of particular
responses.
[Link] ones values and concepts.
[Link] relaxation.
[Link] aware of unconscious impulses.
Techniques of Psychotherapy:

Listening Confrontation Clarification

 Out of all the psychotherapy techniques,
listening is perhaps the most essential. It is
absolutely imperative that you understand
what the client is saying, and if you don’t listen
well you won’t be able to do that. Now, people
think they are great listeners until they actually
try to do therapy. Then, they realize that they
really haven’t been listening at all. Rather, they
have been “waiting to speak” as most people
do.
• Listening properly takes a great deal of effort
Listening and concentration. You must clear your mind of
all thoughts and distractions and focus only on
what the person is saying. Oh, and not just
what they are saying but how they are saying
it. Although it sounds simple, this is actually
quite difficult.
• A helpful technique is to paraphrase what the
client is saying. This will help you slow down
and focus. But don’t overdo this- you’ll sound
like a parrot and the client will wonder why
they are paying you good money just to repeat
whatever they say.
 Confrontation

Another essential counseling technique is

confrontation. And it’s another thing that is simple
in concept but difficult to do, particularly for novice
therapists. But it is actually a lot less scary than it
sounds. When you confront a client you don’t do it
because you are angry at them, or because you are
trying to force them to see your viewpoint. You do it
because you are genuinely confused. You see, they
have either said or have done something that
conflicts directly with something they said or did
earlier. What you are doing is expressing confusion
about their inconsistencies, in the spirit of
understanding them better so that you can help
them. Framed that way, confrontation is a lot easier
for therapists to swallow.
 Clarification

Another great technique is clarification. Think about

one of the most common reasons clients come to
therapy: poor communication skills. And that
includes their communication with you. So, you’ll
have to ask questions in order to make sense out of
• Now, you have to be careful with this technique
their stories. But the most beautiful thing about
as to not make the client feel that they are being
this technique is while you are doing this, the client
interrogated. I am a naturally curious person, and
is also doing some work. See, they have to clarify it
so this technique works well for me. Expressed in
for themselves before they can clarify it for you.
the spirit of wanting to understand the client
And…sometimes that is enough to actually address
better, it’s hard to go wrong.
the issue itself! There have been occasions where
my client didn’t need to return for future sessions,
because he or she solved the problem for
themselves during the intake session by answering
my questions.
 Behavior Therapy

Cognitive Therapy
Dialectical Behavior
Therapy
Modals of Interpersonal Therapy
Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic Therapy

Family Therapy

Group Therapy
 Counseling and Psychotherapy

Counselling:
1. Helps people identify problems and crises and encourages
them to take positive steps to resolve the issues.
2. It is the best course of therapeutic treatment for anyone
who already has an understanding of wellbeing, and who is
also able to resolve problems.
3. Counselling is a short-term process that encourages the
change of behaviour.
Counselling is generally prescribed for a fixed number of sessions
while psychotherapy is an ongoing process, often carrying on for
years. This means that counselling is typically much more
structured, with less room to explore thoughts and avenues
compared to psychotherapy. This structure lends itself well to
teaching the techniques that help to directly alleviate issues.
Psychotherapy:
4. Helps people with psychological problems that have built up
over the course of a long period of time.
5. It will help you understand your feelings, thoughts and
actions more clearly.
6. Psychotherapy is a longer-term process of treatment that
identifies emotional issues and the background to problems
and difficulties.
How Psychotherapy and counselling
is useful for resolving social issues.
Psychotherapy and counseling are often used to address individual psychological or personal
issues. However, many examples show that social issues or problems can significantly contribute
to psychological or personal challenges. Frequently, when a person is unable to effectively
manage social problems, it can lead to anxiety, depression, or other physical and mental health
issues.
Here's how psychotherapy and counseling can play an important role to resolve social
issues:
1. Individual Empowerment:
Self-awareness: Therapy helps individuals understand their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors,
enabling them to make informed choices.
Resilience: By building coping mechanisms and resilience, individuals can better navigate
challenges and adversity.
Self-esteem: Therapy can boost self-esteem, leading to increased confidence and a sense of
agency.
2. Addressing
Root Causes:

• Trauma: Therapy can help individuals

process and heal from past trauma,
reducing the likelihood of negative
coping mechanisms and
intergenerational trauma.
• Mental Health: By addressing mental
health conditions like depression,
anxiety, and substance abuse, therapy
can reduce the burden on individuals
and society.
• Relationship Issues: Therapy can
help individuals improve their
interpersonal relationships, leading to
stronger families and communities.
3. Promoting
Social Change:

1. Advocacy: Therapists can empower

individuals to advocate for
themselves and their communities,
leading to social change.
2. Community Building: By fostering
empathy and understanding,
therapy can help build stronger,
more cohesive communities.
3. Social Justice: Therapists can
address systemic issues like
discrimination, inequality, and
oppression, promoting social justice.
 Domestic Violence: Therapy can help victims of
domestic violence heal from trauma, develop coping
strategies, and break the cycle of abuse.

Specific Social Substance Abuse: Therapy can address the

Issues underlying causes of addiction and help individuals
achieve sobriety.
Addressed by
Psychotherapy Poverty: Therapy can help individuals cope with the
and Counseling: stress and challenges associated with poverty,
improving their mental health and well-being.
Racism and Discrimination: Therapy can help
individuals understand and process the impact of
racism and discrimination, promoting healing and
social change.
Climate Change Anxiety: Therapy can help
individuals cope with the emotional and
psychological impact of climate change.
Case Study: The Impact of Psychotherapy and Counseling on Domestic Violence in Rural India

Case Study:
A young woman named Asha, residing in a small village in Uttar Pradesh, endured years of physical and
emotional abuse from her husband. She was subjected to constant verbal insults, physical assaults, and
economic deprivation. The fear of social ostracism and the lack of awareness about her rights further
compounded her suffering.
Intervention:
Asha, through a government-sponsored initiative, was referred to a local counseling center. The counselor, a
trained psychologist, provided a safe and confidential space for Asha to share her experiences. Through
empathetic listening and non-judgmental support, the counselor helped Asha understand that she was not
alone and that the abuse was not her fault.
The counseling sessions focused on:
• Trauma Processing: Helping Asha process her traumatic experiences and develop coping mechanisms.
• Self-Esteem Building: Encouraging Asha to recognize her worth and potential.
• Assertiveness Training: Empowering Asha to assert her boundaries and communicate effectively.
• Legal Awareness: Informing Asha about her legal rights and the available support systems.
• Community Engagement: Connecting Asha with local support groups and women's organizations.
Outcomes:
• With consistent counseling, Asha gradually began to heal from the trauma. She gained the courage to
report the abuse to the authorities and seek legal protection. The counseling center also provided support
to her family members, educating them about gender equality and the harmful effects of domestic
violence.
• Asha's case highlights the transformative power of psychotherapy and counseling in addressing complex
social issues like domestic violence. By providing psychological support and empowering individuals, these
interventions can contribute to breaking the cycle of violence and promoting social change.
 4.2 GROUP THERAPY
Group therapy or group psychotherapy is a form of

Group psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small

group of clients together as a group. The term can refer to
any form of psychotherapy when delivered in a group

therapy
format, including cognitive behavioural therapy or
interpersonal therapy but it is usually applied to
psychodynamic group therapy where the group context and
group process is explicitly utilised as a mechanism of

and change by developing, exploring and examining

interpersonal relationships within the group. The broader
concept of group therapy refers to any helping process that

support
takes place in a group, including support groups, skills
training groups (such as anger management, mindfulness,
relaxation training or social skills training), and psycho-
education groups. The differences between psychodynamic

groups groups, activity groups, support groups, problem-solving

and psyco educational groups are discussed by
Montgomery (2002). Other, more specialised forms of
group therapy would include non-verbal expressive
therapies such as dance therapy, music therapy or the
TaKeTiNa Rhythm Process.
History of Group Psychotherapy
The founders of group psychotherapy in the USA were Joseph H. Pratt, Trigant
Burrow and Paul Schilder. After World War II group psychotherapy was further
developed by Jacob L. Moreno, Samuel Slavson, Hyman Spotnitz, Irvin Yalom, and
Lou Ormont. Yalom’s approach to group therapy has been very influential not only in
the USA but across the world, through his classic text “The Theory and Practice of
Group Psychotherapy”. Moreno developed a specific and highly structured form of
group therapy known as Psychodrama. In the United Kingdom group psychotherapy
initially developed independently, with pioneers S. H. Foulkes and Wilfred Bion
using group therapy as an approach to treating combat fatigue in the Second World
War. Foulkes and Bion were psychoanalysts and incorporated psychoanalysis into
group therapy by recognising that transference can arise not only between group
members and the therapist but also among group members. Furthermore the
psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious was extended with recognition of a group
unconscious, in which the unconscious processes of group members could be acted
out in the form of irrational processes in group sessions.
ADVANTAGES OF GROUP THERAPY
When people come into a group and interact freely with other group members, they usually recreate
those difficulties that brought them to group therapy in the first place. Under the direction of the group
therapist, the group is able to give support, offer alternatives, and comfort members in such a way that
these difficulties become resolved and alternative behaviours are learned.

The group also allows a person to develop new ways of relating to people.

During group therapy, people begin to see that they are not alone and that there is hope and help. It is
comforting to hear that other people have a similar difficulty, or have already worked through a
problem that deeply disturbs another group member.

Another reason for the success of group therapy is that people feel free to care about each other
because of the climate of trust in a group.
 There are many kinds of groups in the group-
psychotherapy field. The techniques used in group
therapy can be verbal, expressive, psycho dramatic
TYPES OF etc. The approaches can vary from psychoanalytic
to behavioural, Gestalt or encounter groups. Groups
vary from classic psychotherapy groups, where
GROUPS process is emphasised, to psycho educational, which
are closer to a class. Psycho educational groups
usually focus on the most common areas of
concern, notably relationships, anger, stress-
management etc. They are frequently more time-
limited (10 to 15 sessions) and thus very appealing
in a managed care environment. Each approach has
its advantages and drawbacks, and the participant
should consult the expert which technique matches
her/his unique personality. Some unique groups are:
types
1 T-Groups : These groups are training groups. These are relatively unstructured groups in which the participants become
responsible for what they learn and how they learn it. A basic assumption appropriate to T- groups is that learning is
more effective when the individual establishes authentic relationships with others.
2 Sensitivity Groups : It is a form of T-group that focuses on personal and interpersonal issues and on the personal
growth of the individual. There is an emphasis in sensitivity groups on self – insight, which means that the central focus
is not the group and its progress but, the individual member.
3 Encounter Groups : These groups are also in the T- group family, although they are more therapy oriented. This group
stresses personal growth through the development and improvement of interpersonal relationships through an
experiential group processes. Such groups seek to release the potential of the participant.
4. Marathon Groups: Extended encounter groups are often referred to as marathon groups. The marathon encounter
group uses an extended block of time in which massed experience and accompanying fatigue are used to break through
the participant’s defenses. Though these groups offer great potential for the group members increased self – awareness
and sensitivity to others, such groups can create high levels of anxiety and frustration. Therefore, it is essential that if
encounter groups are to have maximum potential and minimal risk, they must be conducted by highly skilled and
experienced counsellor leaders.
[Link] Groups : These groups are organised to meet organisational needs through task forces or other organisational
groups or to serve individual needs of clients through such activities as social action groups. These groups are frequently
useful to organisations seeking ways to improve their functioning. Task groups may be organised to assist clients in
dealing with a wide range of needs from spiritual to educational.
6 Psycho Education Groups : These emphasise cognitive and behavioural skill development in groups structured to teach
these skills and knowledge. These groups are more guidance in nature than counselling or therapy oriented.
7. Mini Groups: A mini group usually consists of one counsellor and a maximum of four clients. Because of the smaller
number of participants, the potential exists for certain advantages resulting from the more frequent and direct
interaction of its members. Withdrawal by individuals and the development of factions or cliques are less likely in
minigroups.
8. In Groups and Out Groups: These groups can be based on almost any criteria such as socioeconomic status, athletic
or artistic accomplishments, a particular ability, etc. In-groups are characterised by associations largely limited with
peers of like characteristics where as out groups consist of those excluded from in groups. Social Networks: These result
from the choices that individuals make in becoming members of various groups. As counsellors, we may be concerned
with how these choices are made and their impacts on individuals.
Support group
• A support group is a gathering of people facing common issues to
share what’s troubling them. Through the sharing of experiences,
they’re able to offer support, encouragement, and comfort to the
other group members, and receive the same in return.
• When you’re going through a challenging or traumatic time, family
members and friends may sympathize, but they don’t always know
what to say or the best ways to help. Doctors and health
professionals may sometimes offer minor emotional support, but
their primary focus is always medical.
• Support groups developed to join people together who are dealing
with similar difficult circumstances. That may be coping with a
specific medical condition, such as cancer or dementia, a mental
health issue like depression, anxiety, bereavement, or addiction, for
example, or caring for a family member or friend facing such a
problem. Whatever issues you or a loved one are facing, though, the
best medicine can often be the voice of people who have walked in
your shoes.
• A support group offers a safe place where you can get information
that’s practical, constructive, and helpful. You’ll have the benefit of
encouragement, and you’ll learn more about coping with your
problems through shared experiences. Hearing from others facing
similar challenges can also make you feel less alone in your
troubles.
Some of the example of support
group in India
The Banyan: A Chennai-
Asra: A Mumbai-based Sangath: Founded in Goa in
based organization that
organization that operates a 1996 as a child development
provides emergency and
24-hour helpline for people clinic, Sangath's primary
community-based mental
who are suicidal or focus is on mental health
health interventions. They
emotionally distressed. Their development and child,
help people access mental,
motto is "helping people in adolescent, and youth
physical, interpersonal, and
despair". development.
social recovery.

Depression and Bipolar

National Alliance on Support Alliance (DBSA):
Mental Illness (NAMI): Offers free peer-led support
Offers support groups, free groups for people with
online chat, and free text depression and bipolar
support disorde
some examples of support groups and
organizations in India that help with social issues:
Jan Sahas: An NGO that aims to end forced labor, gender, caste, and sexual
violence. They work with young people in communities across India.

The MINDS Foundation: An organization that works to increase awareness about

mental illness and provide access to healthcare. They have locations in Nizamabad,
Mumbai, Vadodara, and Bhavnagar.
Manas Foundation: An NGO that aims to create mental health awareness and support
gender justice. They have 12 centers across India and provide affordable mental health
services.
Sama – Resource Group for Women and Health: A support group for sexual health
issues.

SoulUp: A support group that includes Women Unfiltered, a women-only space for
unfiltered conversations.
some examples of government support
groups in India that help with social issues
• Self Help Groups (SHGs): The government promotes SHGs to help the poor meet their social
and financial needs. The Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs have programs to promote SHGs in urban areas.
• Seniorcare Ageing Growth Engine (SAGE): This is a government of India program that
helps the elderly.
• National Helpdesk for Prevention of Atrocities (POA): This is a government of India
program that helps prevent atrocities.
• National Helpline for Senior Citizens (NHSC): This is a government of India program that
helps senior citizens.
• National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC): This is a
government of India scheme.
• National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC): This is a
government of India scheme.
• Scheme of Assistance to Scheduled Castes Development Corporations (SCDCs): This
is a government of India scheme.
• National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE): This is a government
of India scheme.
 what is the role of social groups to resolve social problems in India:
• Social groups play a crucial role in addressing social problems in India.
1. Awareness and Advocacy:
• Highlighting Issues: Social groups bring attention to pressing social problems like poverty, inequality, caste discrimination, gender violence, and
environmental degradation.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: They organize campaigns, rallies, and protests to educate the public and policymakers about these issues.
• Advocacy with the Government: They lobby for policy changes and reforms to address social problems.
2. Grassroots Action:
• Community Mobilization: Social groups mobilize communities to participate in problem-solving and development initiatives.
• Direct Intervention: They implement programs and projects to address specific issues, such as providing education, healthcare, and livelihood
opportunities.
• Self-Help Groups: These groups empower marginalized communities, especially women, to take control of their lives and address their needs.
3. Social Change and Empowerment:
• Challenging Social Norms: Social groups challenge harmful social norms and practices, promoting social change and equality.
• Empowering Marginalized Groups: They empower marginalized groups like women, Dalits, and tribal communities to assert their rights and
participate in decision-making.
• Building Social Capital: They foster social cohesion and build trust among community members.
4. Monitoring and Accountability:
• Monitoring Government Programs: Social groups monitor government programs to ensure they are implemented effectively and reach the
intended beneficiaries.
• Holding Authorities Accountable: They hold government officials and policymakers accountable for their actions and decisions.
• Examples of Social Groups:
• NGOs: Organizations like Oxfam, Greenpeace, and CRY work on various social issues.
• Community-Based Organizations (CBOs): Local organizations address specific issues within their communities.
• Self-Help Groups (SHGs): Groups of women, especially in rural areas, come together to save money and access credit.
 The Role of Group Therapy in Resolving Social Problems
Group therapy can be a powerful tool in addressing various social issues in India. It offers a supportive environment where individuals can share their
experiences, learn from others, and develop coping strategies. Here's how group therapy can contribute to resolving social problems in India:
1. Addressing Mental Health Issues
• Reducing Stigma: Group therapy provides a safe space for individuals to discuss their mental health concerns, reducing the stigma associated with
seeking help.
• Building Support Networks: Participants can connect with others who share similar experiences, fostering a sense of belonging and support.
• Skill Development: Therapists can teach participants valuable coping skills, such as mindfulness, stress management, and communication
techniques.
2. Combating Social Issues
• Domestic Violence: Group therapy can empower victims of domestic violence, helping them to understand the cycle of abuse, develop self-esteem,
and seek help.
• Substance Abuse: Group therapy can provide a supportive environment for individuals struggling with addiction, helping them to develop coping
mechanisms and relapse prevention strategies.
• Poverty and Inequality: Group therapy can help individuals cope with the stress and challenges associated with poverty, providing them with tools
to improve their lives.
• Interpersonal Conflict: Group therapy can help individuals improve their communication skills, resolve conflicts peacefully, and build healthier
relationships.
3. Promoting Social Change
• Community Empowerment: Group therapy can empower individuals to become active agents of change in their communities.
• Social Awareness: By sharing experiences and perspectives, participants can gain a deeper understanding of social issues and develop empathy.
• Collective Action: Group therapy can foster a sense of collective responsibility and encourage participants to work together to address social
problems.
4. Challenges and Considerations:
• While group therapy offers significant benefits, there are challenges to its implementation in India:
• Stigma: Overcoming the stigma associated with mental health is crucial for encouraging people to seek help.
4.3 Community-based interventions

• Community-based interventions refer to programs and initiatives that aim to improve the health
and well-being of specific population groups within a defined local community.
• These interventions are often multicomponent, meaning that they employ multiple strategies and
tactics to achieve their goals. They may include individual-level strategies such as education and
counseling, as well as environmental-level strategies such as policy changes and community
mobilization.
• The goal of community-based interventions is to prevent dysfunction and promote well-being
among the target population.
• This can include reducing the incidence of chronic diseases, improving mental health, reducing
crime and violence, and promoting economic development. These interventions often involve
collaboration between multiple stakeholders, including community members, government
agencies, and non-profit organizations.
• By working together, these groups can address the complex social, economic, and environmental
factors that contribute to health and well-being in their community.
Cont..
• It refer to multicomponent intervention that generally combine
individual and environment change strategies across multiple
settings aiming to prevent dysfunction and to promote well being
among population groups in a defined local community. In most
cases, entire communities (e.g., neighborhood, city, state,
country) are used as units of intervention. From the ethical point
of view, it seems reasonable to offer prevention to all members
of community. Furthermore, community programs offer the
opportunity to stimulate cultural changes. Such programs are,
however, very expensive. Also measuring the outcome of such
intervention is difficult both in terms of time period that is
necessary to observe a significant change in injury rates or in
terms of required cases to attain a reasonable statistical power.
4.4Crisis intervention and trauma-informed care

Crisis: Definitions
• People are in a state of crisis when they face an obstacle to important life goals—an obstacle that is, for a time,
insurmountable by the use of customary methods of problem solving. A period of disorganization ensues, a period of
upset, during which many abortive attempts at solution are made (Caplan, 1961).
• • A crisis arises from a traumatic event that is unpredictable and uncontrollable. There is an inability to influence it
by one’s actions. The nature of the event changes values and priorities, and indeed changes everything (Sarri, 2005).
• Crisis is a crisis because the individual knows no response to deal with a situation (Carkhuff & Berenson, 1977).
• Crisis is a personal difficulty or situation that immobilizes people and prevents them from consciously controlling
their lives (Belkin, 1984).
• Crisis is a state of disorganization in which people face frustration of important life goals or profound disruption of
their life cycles and methods of coping with stressors. The term crisis usually refers to a person’s feelings of fear,
shock, and distress about the disruption, not to the disruption itself (Brammer, 1985).
Crisis:Types

1. Maturational
• The result of normal processes of growth and development
• Commonly occurs at specific developmental periods of life
• It is predictable in nature and normally occurs as a part of life
• An individual is vulnerable based on their equilibrium
• Example – Birth, Adolescence, Marriage & Death
• Maturational crises occur when a person is unable to cope with the natural process of
development. Maturational crises usually occur at times of transition, such as when the first
child is born, when a child reaches adolescence, and when the head-of-the- household retires.
2. Situational
• An unexpected personal stressful event occurs with
little advance warning
• It is less predictable in nature
• The event threatens an individuals' equilibrium
• Examples – Accident, Illness or serious injury of self or
family members, loss of a job, bankruptcy, relocation,
divorce
Social
• An event that is uncommon or unanticipated.
• The event often involves multiple losses or extensive losses
• It can occur due to a major natural or man-made event
• It is unpredictable in nature
• The event poses a severe threat to an individual’s equilibrium
• Example – Flood, Fire, Tornado, Hurricane, Earthquake, war, Riot Violent
crime
Crisis Intervention
• Crisis Intervention is a technique used to help an individual or family
to understand and cope with the intense feelings that are typical of a
crisis.
• Crisis intervention refers to the methods used to offer immediate, short
term help to individual who experience an event that produces
emotional, mental, physical and behavioural distress or problems. A
crisis can refer to any situation in which individual perceives a sudden
loss of his or her ability to use effective problem solving and coping
skills
AIMS
1. To assist the individual in recovery from the crisis and to prevent serious
long term problem.
2. To reduce the intensity of an individual’s emotional, mental, Physical and
behavioral reaction to a crisis.
3. To help the individuals return to their level of functioning after the crisis
[Link] functioning above and beyond this by developing new coping
skills and eliminating ineffective ways of coping, such as withdrawal,
isolation, and substance abuse.
5. Assist individual in coping with future difficulties more effectively.
Goals

1. To decrease emotional stress and protect the

crisis victim from additional stress.
2. To assist the victim in organizing and mobilizing
resources or support system to meet unique needs
and reach a solution for the particular situation that
precipitated the crisis.
Carrying out effective crisis intervention

• Provide the individual with the opportunity to communicate by talking less.

• Being attentive to verbal and non-verbal cues.
• Pleasant, interested, intonation of voice.
• Maintaining good eye contact, posture and appropriate social distance if in a face to face
situation..

• Remaining undistracted, open honest, sincere.

• Asking open ended questions.
• Asking permission, never acting on assumptions.
• Checking out sensitive cross-cultural factors
Frequency, Duration, & Setting

• The length of time for crisis intervention may range from one session to several
weeks, with the average being four weeks.
• Crisis intervention is not sufficient for individuals with long standing problems
and it may range from 20 minutes to 2 or more than 2 hour.
• • It can take place in a range of setting such as hospital emergency room,
counselling Centre’s, mental health clinics school and social service agencies and
crisis Centre’s.
• The priority of crisis intervention and counselling is to increase stabilization.
Crisis interventions occur at the spur of the moment and in a variety of settings, as
trauma can arise instantaneously. Crises are temporary, usually with short span, no
longer than a month, although the effects may become long-lasting.
trauma-informed care

Trauma-informed care is guided by a detailed understanding of how trauma can shape an individual's
perceptions and behavior. Its potential to impact a person’s mental, physical, social, and emotional well-
being means that an appropriate response recognizes the ongoing and interdependent needs for a person's
sense of safety and connection, and for the management of emotions and impulses.
Trauma can be rooted in a range of experiences and impact a person in a range of ways:
• It can stem from a single experience, or a series of experiences.
• It can be an actual or perceived threat to a person’s well-being.
• It can negatively impact a person’s daily coping mechanisms.
• It can color or distort a person’s ongoing perspective, including their behavioral responses.
Types of Trauma
Traumatization occurs when an individual’s internal and external resources are
inadequate for coping. Types of trauma include:
• Acute Trauma (Type I)
• Complex Trauma (Type II)
• Crossover Trauma (Type III)
• Vicarious or Secondary Trauma/Compassion Fatigue
Triggers are the signals that act as possible signs of danger, based on historic
traumatic experiences. These can lead to a range of survival responses:
• Emotional
• Psychological
• Behavioral
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