Ms.

Novelyn
 Table
Table of
of Contents
Contents

Chapter: Plant Reproduction

Section 1: Introduction to ______

Reproduction

Section 2: _________Reproduction

Section 3: _______ Reproduction

 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Types of Reproduction

• Like humans, plants also can _________

and make similar copies of themselves.

• Most plants ________________in two

different ways.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Types of Reproduction
• _____________in plants
and animals requires the
production of sex cells—
usually called sperm and
eggs—in reproductive
organs.
• The __________ produced
by sexual reproduction are
genetically different from
either parent organism.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Types of Reproduction
• A second type of reproduction is called
______________ reproduction.

• This type of reproduction does not require

the production of _______________.

• During ________________ reproduction,

one organism produces offspring that are
genetically identical to it.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Asexual Plant Reproduction
• Under the right
conditions, an entire
plant can grow from
___________or just
a portion of the stem
or root.

• ______________reproduction has been used

to produce plants for centuries.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Asexual Plant Reproduction
• If a potato is cut into
pieces, each piece
that contains an eye
can be planted and
__________into a
new potato plant.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Sexual Plant Reproduction
• _____________occurs when a sperm and egg
combine to produce the first cell of the new
organism, the zygote.
• In some plants, water or wind help bring the
______to the egg.
• For other plants,
animals such as
insects help bring
the ______ and
________ together.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Reproductive Organs
• A plant’s _________
reproductive organs
produce eggs and male
reproductive organs
produce sperm.
• Depending on the
species, these
____________organs
can be on the same plant
or on separate plants.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Reproductive Organs

• If a plant has both organs, it usually can

_____________ by itself.

• However, some ____________ that have

both sex organs still must exchange sex cells
with other plants of the same type to
______________.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Plant Life Cycles

• All _______________have life cycles.

• A ___________ has a life cycle.

• It can start when an egg and a sperm come

together, eventually producing a __________.
 Introduction
Introduction to
to Plant
Plant Reproduction
Reproduction
1
Two Stages
• _____ have a two-
stage life cycle.
• The two stages are
the ___________
(guh MEE tuh
fite) stage and the
__________
(SPOHR uh fite)
stage.
 Section
Section Check
Check
1
Question 1
_______ is the joining of a sperm and an egg
during sexual reproduction.

Answer
The answer is ________________. Plants
reproduce sexually with flowers that contain
male and female parts.
 Section
Section Check
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1
Question 2
_______ reproduction results in the organism
producing an offspring genetically identical
to it.

A. asexual
B. gametophyte
C. sexual
D. zygote
 Section
Section Check
Check
1
Answer
The answer is ________. ____________
reproduction does not require the production of
sex cells. Many plants have this type of
reproduction.
 Section
Section Check
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1
Question 3
The _______ stage of the plant life cycle
begins with meiosis.

A. asexual
B. gametophyte
C. sexual
D. zygote
 Section
Section Check
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1
Answer
The answer is _______________. The
________________stage begins when
reproductive cells undergo meiosis and
produce haploid cells call spores.
 Seedless
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The Importance of Spores
• If you want to grow ________ and ________
plants, you must grow them from spores.
• The ________ stage of
these plants produces
________ spores in
structures called spore
cases.
• When the spore case breaks open, the spores
are released and spread by ________ or ____.
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The Importance of Spores
• ___________plants include all nonvascular
plants and some vascular plants.
• _____________ plants do not have structures
that transport water and substances
throughout the plant.
• _________ and ___________ simply move
from cell to cell.
• _____________have tubelike cells that
transport water and substances throughout
the plant.
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Nonvascular Seedless Plants
• __________, ________, and ________ are all
nonvascular plants.
• The _________
stage of most
nonvascular plants
is so small that it
can be easily
overlooked.
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Nonvascular Seedless Plants
• Moss plants have a ___________typical of
how sexual reproduction occurs in this plant
group.
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The Moss Life Cycle

• The life cycle of a

moss alternates
between
_________ and
________ stages.
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Nonvascular Plants
and Asexual Reproduction
• _______________ plants also can
reproduce asexually. For example, if a piece
of a moss gametophyte plant breaks off, it
can grow into a new plant.
• ___________can form small balls of cells
on the surface of the gametophyte plant.
These are carried away by water and grow
into new gametophyte plants if they settle in
a ____________________.
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Vascular Seedless Plants
• Most _______________plants are ferns.
• Other plants in this
group include
_______ and _____
mosses.
• All of these plants
have ______ tissue
to transport water
from their roots to
the rest of the plant.
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The Fern Life Cycle

• Fern leaves are called _________. They

grow from an underground stem called a
_____________.

• Fern ____________ make their own food

by photosynthesis.
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The Fern Life Cycle
• Fern spores are produced
in structures called ____
usually located on the
underside of the fronds.
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The Fern Life Cycle
• If a fern spore
lands on damp soil Prothallus
or rocks, it can Archegonium
grow into a small,
green, heart-shaped
gametophyte plant Antheridium
called a prothallus
(proh THA lus).
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The Fern Life Cycle
• The ___________
contains Prothallus
___________ and Archegonium
can make its own
food. It absorbs
water and nutrients Antheridium
from the soil.
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The Fern Life Cycle
• The
_______of a
fern is shown
here.
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The Fern Life Cycle
• Ferns may reproduce ________, also.
• _____________grown and form branches.
• New ______ and _________ develop
from each branch.
• The new __________ branch can be
separated from the main plant.
• It can grow on its own and form more
___________________.
 Section
Section Check
Check
2
Question 1
_______ plants do not have structures that
transport water and substances throughout
the plant.

Answer
The answer is _____________. Water and
substances simply move from cell to cell in
nonvascular plants.
 Section
Section Check
Check
2
Question 2
In this illustration of the fern life cycle, stage D
shows the process
of fertilization
and the
production of a
_______.
 Section
Section Check
Check
2
Answer
The answer is ________. A ________ is
the first cell of the new organism
produced during fertilization.
 Section
Section Check
Check
2
Question 3
Seedless plants reproduce by forming
_______.

A. fronds
B. rhizomes
C. spores
D. zygotes
 Section
Section Check
Check
2
Answer
The answer is _____. _______ divide by
cell division to form plant structures or an
entirely new plant.
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The Importance of Pollen
and Seeds
• ________, __________, and other shade trees
are ___________.
• All __________ are produced by
__________. In fact, most of the plants on
Earth are seed plants.
• How do you think they became such a
successful group? ___________ that involves
pollen and seeds is part of the answer.
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Pollen
• In __________, some
spores develop into small
structures called pollen
grains.
• A ____________has
a water-resistant
covering and contains
gametophyte parts
that can produce the
sperm.
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Pollen

• The sperm of seed plants are carried as part

of the pollen grain by ________,
________, ___________, or ___________.

• The transfer of pollen grains to the female

part of the plant is called __________.
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Pollen

• After the pollen grain reaches the female

part of a plant, sperm and a pollen tube are
___________.

• The sperm moves through the _________,

then ________________ can occur.
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Seeds
• A s_______
consists of an
embryo, stored
food, and a
• protective seed coat.
The _________ has
structures that
eventually will
produce the plant’s
stem, leaves, and
roots.
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Seeds

• The _____________provides energy that is

needed when the plant embryo begins to
grow into a plant.

• A _______________can develop more

rapidly from a seed than from a spore.
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Gymnosperm Reproduction
• ____________are the
reproductive structures
of gymnosperms.
• Each ____________
species has a different
cone.
• The _______ is a familiar
gymnosperm.
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Cones

• A ___________is a sporophyte plant that

produces male cones and female cones.

• ________ and __________ gametophyte

structures are produced in the cones but
you’d need a magnifying lens to see these
structures clearly.
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Cones
• A mature female cone consists of a spiral
of woody scales on a short stem. At the
base of each scale are two ovules.

• The egg is produced in the _______. .

• ______________are produced in the

smaller male cones.
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Cones
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Gymnosperm Seeds
• __________ is carried from male cones to
female cones by the wind.
• To be useful, the pollen has to be blown
between the ________of a _____ cone.
• If the pollen grain and the female cone are
the same species, __________and the
_____________ of a seed can take place.
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Gymnosperm Seeds
• It can take a long time for seeds to be
________________ from a female pine cone.
• From the moment
a _________falls
on the female cone
until the seeds are
released, can take
two or three years.
Click image to view movie.
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Angiosperm Reproduction

• All _____________have flowers.

• The ______________plant produces the

flowers.
• Flowers containg_______________
structures that produce sperm or eggs for
___________________.
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The Flower
• Most flowers have four main parts—______,
_________, __________, and ___________.
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The Flower
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Importance of Flowers
• The appearance of a
plant’s flowers can tell
you something about the
________of the plant.
• Large flowers with
brightly colored petals
often attract _______ and
other _______________.
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Importance of Flowers
• As they move about the flower, the animals
get pollen on their ______, _______, or
other ________.
• Later, these
animals spread
the flower’s
_______to
other plants
that they visit.
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Importance of Flowers
• Other flowers depend on _____, _______, or
_________ to spread their pollen.
• Their petals can be ________ or _________.
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Angiosperm Seeds
• The
development
of __________
seeds is shown
here.
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Seed Development
• Seeds of land plants are capable of surviving
unfavorable environmental conditions.

1. ____________
2. ___________(s)
3. _____________
4. _____________
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Seed Development

• In the seeds of some plants, like _______

and __________, the food is stored in
structures called _____________.

• The seeds of other plants, like corn and

wheat, have food stored in a tissue called
__________________.
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Seed Dispersal
• _______________ have many ways of
dispersing their seeds.

• _____________grow only when they are

placed on or in soil.

• They fall onto the soil from the

__________on which they grew.
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Seed Dispersal
• In nature some seeds can be spread great
distances from the parent plant.
• ____________
usually occurs
because a seed
has an attached
structure that
moves it with
air currents.
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Seed Dispersal
• _________ can disperse many seeds.
• ________________are eaten with fruits,
pass through an animal’s digestive system,
and are dispersed as the animal moves from
place to place.
• Attaching to ______, ________, and
_________ is another way that seeds are
dispersed by animals.
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Seed Dispersal

• Water also disperses __________.

• ___________ can knock seeds out of a dry

fruit.
• Some________and __________float on
flowing water or ocean currents.
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Germination
• A series of events that
results in the growth of a
plant from a seed is
called __________.

• Seeds will not germinate

until environmental
____________ are right.
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Germination
• ___________, the
presence or absence of
light, availability of
water, and amount of
oxygen present can
affect _____________.
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Germination
• Germination begins when seed tissues
______________.
• This causes the seed to _________ and the
____________to break open.
• Next, a series of _________________occurs
that releases energy from the stored food in
the cotyledons or endosperm for growth.
 Seed
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Germination
• Eventually, a root grows from the
_______, followed by a __________ and
_________.
 Section
Section Check
Check
3
Question 1
_______ is the transfer of pollen grains to the
female part of the plant.

A. Fertilization
B. Germination
C. Organization
D. Pollination
 Section
Section Check
Check
3
Answer
The answer is _______. After __________
occurs, sperm and a pollen tube are produced.
The sperm moves through the pollen tube, then
fertilization can occur.
 Section
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Check
3
Question 2
Which provides energy that the embryo needs
as it grows into a plant?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. none of these
 Section
Section Check
Check
3
Answer
The answer is _____. Number _______
represents the ________ and number three is
the ____________.
 Section
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3
Question 3
Which is NOT a main part of a flower?

A. petal
B. pistil
C. stamen
D. stem
 Section
Section Check
Check
3
Answer
The answer is _____. Generally, the colorful
parts of the flower are the petals, the ________
parts are sepals and the reproductive organs are
the _________ and __________.
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