Preparation of Organic
Compounds
•Name: Om Bhatt
•Class: XIIth ‘C”
•Roll No.: 19
•School Name: Shriji baba
saraswati vidya mandir , Mathura
•Session: 2025–26
•Subject Teacher's Name: Mr.
Amit prakash kulshreshtha
•Board: CBSE
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my Chemistry
teacher, [Mr. Amit prakash
kulshreshtha], for their guidance,
support, and motivation during
the completion of this project on
the “Preparation of Organic
Compounds”. I also thank my
school laboratory and staff for
providing all the necessary
resources and environment for
conducting the experiments
successfully.
– Om Bhatt
Objectives
Our objectives are to
prepare:
A sample of acetanilide
from aniline.
A sample of dibenzal
acetone.
A sample of p-nitro
acetanilide from acetanilide.
A sample of 2-naphthol
aniline dye.
What is Organic
Chemistry?
Organic chemistry is a branch of
chemistry that deals with the study of
the structure, properties, reactions
and preparation of organic
compounds. As carbon and hydrogen
are the essential constituents of all
organic compounds, they are known
as hydrocarbons. Organic compounds
not only contain carbon and
hydrogen, but also certain other
elements such as: oxygen, sulphur,
nitrogen, and halogens. These are
regarded as the derivatives of
hydrocarbon.
Experiment 1
Aim:
To prepare pure
crystals of acetanilide
from aniline using
recrystallization
method.
Theory
Acetanilide is prepared from aniline by
acetylating it with acetic anhydride in
the presence of glacial acetic acid.
Aniline or phenylamine is a primary
amine with molecular formula C6H5NH2.
It is basic in nature. Acetic anhydride is
an anhydride of acetic acid and acts as
a source of acyl group. Aniline reacts
with acetic anhydride by nucleophilic
substitution reaction. The reaction
between aniline and acetic anhydride
is called acetylation. In this reaction,
aniline acts as the nuclepohile and acyl
(CH3CO-) group from acetic anhydride
acts as the electrophile. Here, the
hydrogen atom of –NH2 group is
replaced by the acyl group.
Materials Required
Aniline -10ml
Acetic anhydride - 10ml
Glacial acetic acid - 10ml
Conical flask
RB flask
Funnel
Filter paper
Buchner funnel
Water condenser
Wire gauze
Tripod stand
Burner
Measuring jar
Procedure
Take 10ml of acetic anhydride in a clean dry
250ml RB flask and add 10ml of glacial acetic
acid and shake the contents thoroughly.
To this mixture add 10ml of aniline and fit a
water condenser.
Boil this mixture over a sand bath for 10min.
Pour the liquid from the RB flask into 200ml
ice-cold water taken in a beaker. While adding
stir the contents of the beaker vigorously using
a glass rod.
Filter the white precipitate formed and wash it
with cold water.
Recrystallisation of Acetanilide: Take the
crude acetanilide in the beaker and add 50ml of
a mixture of 1 volume of acetic acid and 2
volumes of water. Heat to dissolve the solid.
Filter the hot solution into a conical flask and
cool the filtrate in ice. Filter off the crystals of
acetanilide formed and dry them by pressing
them between the folds of a filter paper and
Observation
The weight of
acetanilide=
__________ g
.
Precautions
Handle the chemicals with
care.
Freshly distilled aniline
should be used to get good
results.
Prolonged heating and use of
excess of acetic anhydride
should be avoided.
Reaction mixture should first
cooled and then poured in ice-
cold water otherwise
hydrolysis of acetanilide may
take place.
Experiment 2
Aim:-
To prepare dibenzal
acetone
Theory
It is prepared from benzaldehyde
and acetone by Claisen-Schmidt
Reaction.
Claisen Schmidt Reaction is a
condensation reaction between
an aromatic aldehyde and an
aliphatic ketone in the presence
of a strong base like NaOH
leading to unsaturated ketone. In
this reaction, two molecules of
water are eliminated.
In the preparation of Dibenzal
acetone, two moles of
benzaldehyde condenses with
one mole of acetone.
Materials Required
Benzaldehyde - 2.5ml
Acetone - 1ml
10% NaOH solution - 5ml
Rectified spirit - 25ml
Conical flask
Beaker
Test tube
Funnel
Filter papers
Burner
Procedure
Take 2.5ml of benzaldehyde, 10ml of acetone
and 25ml of rectified spirit in a conical flask. Cork
the flask and shake it to obtain a clear solution.
Take 5ml of 10% NaOH solution in a test tube
and add this to conical flask drop by drop by
shaking the flask. Maintain the temperature of the
reaction mixture between 20-25oC while adding
the sodium hydroxide solution.
Cork the flask again and shake vigorously for
about 10min, releasing the pressure time to time.
Allow it to stand for about 20min at room
temperature and then cool in ice water for a few
minutes.
Filter the yellow coloured solid and wash it with
water.
Recrystallisation of Dibenzal acetone: Dissolve
the above yellow coloured crude solid in minimum
amount of hot rectified spirit and then allow it to
cool slowly. Pale yellow crystals of dibenzal
acetone separate. Filter the crystals and dry them
by pressing them between the folds of a filter
paper, and then measure the weight of the
Observation
The weight of Dibenzal
acetone = ___________ g.
Precautions
Handle the chemicals with care.
Add NaOH dropwise to the
reaction mixture while shaking of
the flask continously.
Wash the precipitate with water
to remove traces of NaOH sticking
to it.
Use minimum amount of
rectified spirit to dissolve the
crude sample for crystallisation.
Experiment 3
Aim:-
To prepare p-nitro
acetanilide from
acetanilide
Theory
The direct preparation of p-
nitroacetanilide from aniline using a
nitrating mixture is very difficult. This
is because, in the presence of the
nitrating mixture, the amino (-NH2)
group of aniline is oxidised to the nitro
(-NO2) group and forms nitro benzene.
The amino group of aniline is first
protected by acylation with acetic
anhydride to produce acetanilide which
is then nitrated to form p-
nitroacetanilide as the major product
and o-nitroacetanilide as the minor
product. To separate p-nitroacetanilide
from this mixture, the reaction mixture
is recrystallised in ethanol, so that the
more readily soluble o-nitroacetanilide
dissolves in ethanol and pure p-
nitroacetanilide separates out.
Materials Required
Acetanilide- 5g
Glacial acetic acid- 5ml
[Link] acid -10ml
Fuming nitric acid -2ml
Methylated spirit -20ml
Test tubes
Glass rod
Beaker
Buchner funnel
Filter paper
Procedure
Take 5g powdered acetanilide and 5ml of glacial acetic
acid in a conical flask and stir the mixture using a glass
rod.
Take 2ml of fuming nitric acid in a clean test tube and
cool it in a freezing mixture taken in a beaker. Carefully
add 2ml of [Link] acid drop by drop while
constantly shaking and cooling it.
Add 8ml of [Link] acid drop by drop into the
conical flask containing acetanilide and glacial acetic acid
and cool it in a freezing mixture. Stir the contents and
wait until the temperature becomes less than 5oC.
To the cooled contents in the flask, add the nitrating
mixture prepared in the 2nd step, drop by drop while
stirring constantly. While adding the nitrating mixture, the
temperature of the mixture in the flask should not rise
above 25oC. Remove the conical flask from the freezing
mixture and allow it to stand for 30min at room
temperature.
Pour the contents of the flask into a beaker containing
crushed ice. Stir it well and filter the precipitate obtained
and wash it thoroughly with cold water.
Recrystallisation of p-Nitro acetanilide: Dissolve the
precipitate obtained above in 20ml methylated spirit.
Warm it to get a clear solution. Filter the hot solution and
cool the filtrate in ice. P-Nitro acetanilide is obtained as
Observation
The weight of
p-nitroacetanilide =
__________ g.
Precautions
Handle the chemicals with
care.
During the addition of nitrating
mixture, the temperature of the
reaction mixture should not rise
above 25 oC.
Addition of fuming nitric acid
should be done drop wise.
Do not inhale the vapours of
nitric acid as they are very
corrosive in nature. Addition of
nitrating mixture may preferably
be done in a fume cupboard.
Experiment 4
Aim:-
To prepare 2-
naphthol aniline dye
Theory
2-Naphyhol aniline dye is an azo
compound and it is a scarlet red dye. It
is mainly used for dyeing textiles. It
contains the characteristic group. Azo
compounds have an extended
conjugated system and are often
coloured and are used as dyes. These
compounds are prepared by the
reaction known as coupling reaction. 2-
Naphthol aniline dye is prepared from
aniline.
Aniline is first converted to diazonium
salt by treating it with nitrous acid at
>5oC. Nitrous acid is produced in the
reaction mixture by the reaction of
sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid.
The procession of conversion of
aromatic primary amines into
diazonium salt is known as
diazotisation. This benzene diazonium
Materials Required
•Aniline -4.5ml
•sodium nitrite- 4g
•2-Naphthol -7g
•[Link] -10ml
•glacial acetic acid -40ml
•Conical flask
•Beaker
•Buchner funnel
•Bunsen burner
•Filter paper
Procedure
Take 4.5g of aniline, 10ml of Conc. HCl and 20ml of
water in a conical flask. Cool this solution to 5oC by
placing the flask in ice-cold water.
In a 100ml beaker, dissolve 4g of sodium nitrite in 20ml
water and then cool this solution to 5oC.
Slowly add sodium nitrite solution to the solution of
aniline in [Link]. A diazotized solution is formed.
In a 250ml beaker dissolve 7g of 2-naphthol in 60ml of
10% NaOH solution and cool this solution to 5oC.
Then add the diazotized solution to the naphthol
solution while stirring constantly. Immediately a deep red
colour develops and the 2-Naphthol aniline dye rapidly
separates as red crystals.
Allow the above mixture to stand in a freezing mixture
for 30minutes, while stirring occasionally. Filter the
solution through a Buchner funnel and wash the
precipitate with water and dry it.
Recrystallisation of 2-naphthol aniline dye: Take about
40ml of acetic acid in a beaker and add a small amount
of the precipitate into it. Warm the contents of the
beaker to get a clear solution. Then filter the hot solution
and cool the filtrate in ice. Red coloured crystals of 2-
Naphthol aniline dye separate. Wash the crystals with
ethanol and then dry the crystals by placing them
between filter papers and measure the weight of the
Observation
The weight of 2-Naphthol
aniline dye =
_____________ g.
Precaution
The solution of aniline in
hydrochloric acid should be cooled
to 5oC, and this temperature
should be maintained throughout
the addition of sodium nitrite
solution.
Addition of sodium nitrite should
be very slow because the reaction
is exothermic and may cause the
temperature to rise.
Always add diazonium chloride
solution to 2-naphthol solution for
dye formation and not vice-versa.
Conclusion
This project helped in
understanding the basic
laboratory techniques like
crystallization, filtration,
melting point
determination, and safe
handling of organic
chemicals. It also
provided insight into
reactions like acetylation
and nitration.
Bibliography
[Link] Chemistry
Class 12 Textbook
2. Chemistry Lab
Manual – CBSE
3. [Link]
4. Practical Organic
Chemistry by Vogel